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  • 《景觀設計學》2018年第1期

    作 者:
    陳崢能(Zhengneng CHEN),孫沐陽(Muyang SUN),孟巖(Yan MENG)等
    類 別:
    景觀
    出 版 社:
    高等教育出版社有限公司
    出版時間:
    2018年2月

俞孔堅? 論全球視野與地方行動——《景觀設計學》2018年第1期“主編寄語”

On Thinking Globally and Acting Locally,By Kongjian Yu

最近坊間流傳一則笑話:如果北京城所有人同時朝一個方向吹風,一定可以把霧霾吹散!另一個傳播更廣也更久遠的笑話則調(diào)侃了中國龐大的人口數(shù)量:如果13億中國人同時從椅子上跳下來,肯定會發(fā)生地震。對此,我們大可一笑置之。但如下說法卻應當被認真對待:如果每個人都盡可能步行或騎自行車上班、冬天在室內(nèi)多穿衣服而把供暖溫度調(diào)低5℃、夏天打開窗戶通風降溫而非使用空調(diào)……盡管這些舉動十分微小,但日積月累,全球?qū)⒖s減至少三分之一的能耗;如果每個人都能切實貫徹“光盤行動”,節(jié)約每一粒米飯,那么全球?qū)⒐?jié)約至少三分之一的耕地,整個大地景觀將發(fā)生根本性的改變。類似的“如果……那么……”還有很多,例如,如果每家每戶和小區(qū)里的雨水都能被有效收集并就地利用,如果每個農(nóng)戶的生活污水都能轉(zhuǎn)變成肥料,如果每畝田地中的肥料都能被就地吸收而非排放到河水中,那么我們的國土、我們的地球?qū)用利悾?/p>

很早以前我就曾讀到,生活在中、南美洲地區(qū)的食蟻獸在舔食螞蟻時,總是先小心翼翼地用利爪將蟻穴撕開,使蟻穴不至于被完全破壞,如此一來,它們下次還可在這里捕獲獵物。在舔食行軍中的螞蟻時,它們也總是將蟻群吃一段、留一段,使其不至于全軍覆滅。相較而言,人類似乎普遍缺少克制個體或小群體欲望的基因。因此,從生物學的角度來看,地球遲早會因人類而毀滅。人類發(fā)明的所有技術—從農(nóng)耕時代的鋤頭,到工業(yè)時代的機器和原子彈,再到信息時代強大的計算機網(wǎng)絡等,都似乎在推進著這一毀滅進程。

值得慶幸的是,倫理、法規(guī)和審美等方面的價值觀可以約束人類的行為,并在全球視野和地方行動(或個體行為)之間建立聯(lián)系,而這只有在高度文明的社會中才能實現(xiàn)。此處的全球視野是指科學與文明的一族對于世界的客觀而全面的認知,及其對全人類未來的關切:全球氣候的變化、水資源的匱乏、生物多樣性的銳減、能源過度消耗、糧食危機……所有這些都影響著人類及其生存環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性。對此,唯有通過環(huán)境和生態(tài)價值觀(包括環(huán)境和生態(tài)倫理、相關的保護法規(guī)、生態(tài)美學等)來判斷和影響每個人、每個局域的地方行動。這些價值觀最終將引導人們?nèi)粘5脑诘匦袆樱缡欠褊`行綠色出行,是否減少空調(diào)的使用,是否將雨水截留而非直接排放,是以當?shù)氐囊安轂槊肋€是以引種嬌貴的奇花異卉為美……

生態(tài)文明和美麗中國(或美麗星球)的視野,是代表了人類最高文明和科學成就的全球視野。在這樣的視野下,必須有適宜的價值觀與之相適應。否則,再發(fā)達的技術也只能讓全球視野日趨并加速暗淡。

譯   薩拉·雅各布斯   張健


If all dwellers in Beijing blew to the same direction at once, would the haze be reduced? Will the earth quake if 1.3 billion Chinese people jump from their chairs at the same time? We can laugh these off as jokes, but they raise serious spatial and scalar questions. If everyone were to walk, bicycle, or use public transportation, or if heating costs in winter were reduced and natural ventilation replaced air-conditioning in the summer, one-third of global energy consumption could be saved. Moreover, if everyone treasures food, one-third of the cultivated land could be saved for improving the landscape. We could continue to imagine similar examples: if rainwater could be collected and used at the home or community level, if sewage could be converted into fertilizer, and if fertilizer could be more fully absorbed into soil instead of being drained into river, our land and our earth would be much more sustainable and beautiful!

I have been inspired by the living habits of anteaters found mainly in Central and South America. As they hunt for ants, they carefully claw open ant hills or eat part of the moving ants, taking care not to damage the ant hills or destroying their food source. Humans also have this instinct for care, but uncontrollable individual and community desires destroy this approach. The earth will finally be destroyed by humans, and the technologies invented by humans — from hoes in the farming age to machines and atomic bombs in the industrial age, then to the powerful internet in the information age — might accelerate this destruction.

Fortunately, care is still embodied in ethical, regulatory, and aesthetic decisions that can inhibit humans from endless destruction through global thinking and local practice (or individual action), which could only be realized in highly civilized societies. Global thinking refers to the objective and comprehensive understanding of the real world and concerns on global issues, such as climate change, water scarcity, declining biodiversity, energy over-consumption, and food shortages. These issues concern the sustainability of all humans, but this global understanding is formed through local practices influenced by environmental and ecological ethics, protections, and ecological aesthetics. Through local practice, people’s daily environmental efforts, such as green commuting, reduced heating and cooling, water reuse, and advocating natural and local species in landscape instead of pursuing costly exotic ones, will start to effect change at a global scale.

China’s national vision of an ecological civilization and Beautiful China (or Beautiful Planet) is an example of global thinking that represents the highest civilization and scientific achievements of mankind and could only be enacted with proper values, rather than relying on more and more advanced technology.

Translated by   Sara JACOBS   Angus ZHANG

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