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  • 《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2019年第1期

    作 者：
    王志芳（WANG Zhifang），袁振宇（YUAN Zhenyu），布魯諾·德·繆德?tīng)枺˙runo De MEULDER）等
    類 別：
    景觀
    出 版 社：
    高等教育出版社有限公司
    出版時(shí)間：
    2019年2月

俞孔堅(jiān)?論景觀的服務(wù)——《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2019年第1期“主編寄語(yǔ)”
On Services of Landscapes, By Yu Kongjian

因受邀參與產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展與規(guī)劃咨詢，我先后于2017年3月和2019年1月兩次登上祖國(guó)南疆的西沙群島，幾乎踏遍西沙域內(nèi)所有島嶼和沙洲，可以自豪地說(shuō)，我算是屈指可數(shù)的幸運(yùn)兒。每次登島歸來(lái)不久，我即又開(kāi)始渴望下一次探訪。于我而言，這些遠(yuǎn)在數(shù)千里之外、散落在大海上的島嶼和沙洲便是詩(shī)和遠(yuǎn)方。那遠(yuǎn)方沙洲上須臾的快樂(lè)和滿足，足以彌補(bǔ)舟車勞頓及漫長(zhǎng)旅途中所付出的時(shí)間和機(jī)會(huì)成本。這種快樂(lè)和滿足便源于景觀所能提供的服務(wù)。

最早在我心中播下西沙群島之夢(mèng)的是一篇小學(xué)三年級(jí)的課文——《美麗的西沙群島》，它至今還保留在小學(xué)課本里，但題目已改為《富饒的西沙群島》[1]。在我看來(lái)，把“美麗”改為“富饒”大大損害了文章原有的魅力。我至今仍記得其中所描繪的美麗與富饒：五光十色、瑰麗無(wú)比的海水，各種各樣的珊瑚和在珊瑚叢中穿來(lái)穿去的魚(yú)群；海灘上形狀千奇百怪的貝殼，被漁業(yè)工人翻個(gè)四腳朝天、沒(méi)法逃跑的海龜；島上遍地的鳥(niǎo)蛋和堆積達(dá)數(shù)米厚的鳥(niǎo)糞。文章最后感嘆道：西沙群島必將變得更加美麗，更加富饒！這不正是烙印在每個(gè)幼小心靈上的美麗中國(guó)夢(mèng)嗎！

這夢(mèng)伴隨我的人生近五十年之久。當(dāng)我得以登上西沙群島時(shí)，盡管眼前所見(jiàn)美妙絕倫的景致令人傾倒，卻與小學(xué)課文中所描繪的美麗與富饒相距甚遠(yuǎn)：海水依舊五光十色，但珊瑚卻已經(jīng)大面積死亡，魚(yú)群也不見(jiàn)了蹤影。據(jù)專家解釋，這是由于漁民濫用氰化物來(lái)捕殺躲藏在珊瑚中的魚(yú)類，更有不法之徒不惜以大面積毀壞珊瑚為代價(jià)，開(kāi)挖深埋于礁盤中的硨磲；此外，由于法螺（Charonia tritonis）等被過(guò)度捕撈，缺少了天敵的長(zhǎng)棘海星（Acanthaster planci）恣意繁殖，摧毀了大量珊瑚。盡管細(xì)軟的沙灘仍然綿延于水陸之間，但大部分島嶼已經(jīng)不再有海龜光顧；至于那遍地的鳥(niǎo)蛋和厚厚的鳥(niǎo)糞，早已變成“久遠(yuǎn)的傳說(shuō)”——早在1939~1945年間，日本侵略者將西沙群島上的鳥(niǎo)糞盜運(yùn)回國(guó)，只因覬覦其中富含的磷；小小的幾個(gè)洲嶼就曾被法國(guó)、日本先后占領(lǐng)；更有非法漁民為財(cái)富而來(lái)，海洋生物、礦藏等資源被不斷掠奪。

遺憾的是，迄今為止，甚少有個(gè)人或團(tuán)體是因其美麗或所提供的景觀服務(wù)而來(lái)。要獲得這些服務(wù)，我們無(wú)需摧毀珊瑚來(lái)開(kāi)采硨磲華麗的珍珠質(zhì)、攫取美味的海鮮，更無(wú)需侵占海鳥(niǎo)和海龜?shù)臈⒌匾孕救祟惖拇嬖?。相反，我們只需解放全部的人體感官，去體驗(yàn)、享受其所帶來(lái)的精神、文化和社會(huì)層面上無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的財(cái)富。將一群穿梭于絢爛靈動(dòng)的珊瑚中的活生生的魚(yú)變成魚(yú)肉所獲得的價(jià)值，必定無(wú)法等同于它們被無(wú)數(shù)次欣賞、喚起人們愉悅心情和激發(fā)藝術(shù)靈感的價(jià)值。

因而，當(dāng)被熱情邀我上島的當(dāng)?shù)仡I(lǐng)導(dǎo)問(wèn)及應(yīng)如何發(fā)展島上的產(chǎn)業(yè)，諸如捕魚(yú)、海洋牧場(chǎng)、魚(yú)類標(biāo)本制作等等時(shí)，我大聲反問(wèn)道：難道在這小小島嶼和沙洲上，還有比鑄就愛(ài)和美麗中國(guó)夢(mèng)更具價(jià)值的產(chǎn)業(yè)嗎？

It has been my honor to be invited to visit the Xisha Islands in southern China in both March 2017 and January 2019. In offering advice on the islands’ industrial development and planning, it was also a rare opportunity for me to explore the islands and shoals in more detail. I am already looking forward to a third visit to the islands, where those islands and shoals scattering in the sea thousands of miles away are fairylands to me. Even the passing pleasure and satisfaction provided by the landscape services far outweigh the time and expense of travel.

The Beautiful Xisha Islands in the textbook for my third year of primary school first inspired my desire to the islands. The beauty and fertility of the islands depicted in the text are still impressed: colorful and magnificent seawater, a variety of corals that attracted fishes, strange seashells, sea turtles that could not run away as they were turned over by fishermen, seabird eggs filled the islands, and thick seabird droppings. The text ends with an expectation that the Xisha Islands will be more beautiful and fertile, which is exactly a dream of Beautiful China — Although still found in textbooks, now it has been renamed The Fertile Xisha Islands[1], which for me could not fit into the text.

Having had knowledge of the islands for nearly five decades, I was overwhelmed and thrilled by the true beauty of the islands once arriving there. At the same time, a shocking amount of the coral and fish had died, significantly differing from the beauty and fertility described in the textbook. According to local experts, it was caused by illegal fishing that used cyanides, capture of giant clams living among the coral reefs, and the imbalance of marine life — the triton’s trumpet (Charonia tritonis) had been overfished while the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) had multiplied excessively and killed large amounts of coral. On the remaining soft beaches, also absent were the sea turtles, seabird eggs, and thick seabird droppings. During the World War II, the seabird droppings were collected and shipped to Japan for phosphorus. After that, the Xisha Islands have suffered from intensive exploitation of marine life and mineral resources.

However, few of the visitors or groups come for the beauty and the landscape services here, which can be easily accessed. The landscape services of the islands can be experienced and enjoyed through their spiritual, cultural, and social wealth, without damaging the coral to cut the reefs for gorgeous pearls and delicious seafood, or invading the habitats of seabirds and sea turtles to declare the ownership of human beings. The value of fish as food can never be worth the same as its ornamental value, pleasure, and artistic inspiration arisen by those swimming through the coral.

Therefore, when asked by the local officials who warmly invited me to visit the islands about how marine industries such as fishing, marine ranching, artwork manufacturing, and fish specimen making could be further developed, I responded proudly that there was nothing more valuable than nurturing love and Beautiful China dream.

Reference

[1] Chu, J. N. (2018). The Fertile Xisha Islands. Chinese (For Grade 3-1 of Primary School) (pp. 76-78). Beijing: People’s Education Press

 

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