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  • 《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2019年第2期

    作 者：
    龍瀛（LONG Ying），張昭希（ZHANG Zhaoxi），李復(fù)（LI Fu）等
    類 別：
    景觀
    出 版 社：
    高等教育出版社有限公司
    出版時間：
    2019年4月

俞孔堅(jiān)?警惕智能工具的陷阱——《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2019年第2期“主編寄語”
To Be Alarmed by the Trap pf Intelligence Tools, By Yu Kongjian

2019年3月10日，埃塞俄比亞航空公司的一架波音737MAX系列客機(jī)在起飛6分鐘后墜毀，機(jī)上157人全部遇難。而就在此前不久的2018年10月29日，印度尼西亞獅子航空公司的一架同機(jī)型飛機(jī)以相似方式墜毀，導(dǎo)致機(jī)上189人全部喪生。事故調(diào)查組懷疑這兩起墜機(jī)事故均源于該機(jī)型飛機(jī)中機(jī)動特性增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)（MCAS）的失控。[1]美國總統(tǒng)唐納德?J?特朗普在責(zé)令波音737MAX飛機(jī)停飛時，一連發(fā)布兩條推特抱怨道："飛機(jī)現(xiàn)在變得越來越復(fù)雜，飛行員已經(jīng)無法控制它們，也許只有麻省理工學(xué)院的計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家才知道該怎么操作……飛機(jī)的復(fù)雜性會導(dǎo)致危險(xiǎn)發(fā)生。頻繁的更新?lián)Q代使得飛機(jī)越來越昂貴，但在性能上卻鮮有提升……我只想要一架能夠被專業(yè)飛行員迅速掌控的飛機(jī)！"①

我無法評價飛機(jī)的智能化水平與安全性是否負(fù)相關(guān)，但談及將智能工具應(yīng)用于我們的日常生活和工作（包括景觀設(shè)計(jì)），我有以下幾點(diǎn)認(rèn)識可以作為常識提出：第一，人工智能是人類大腦和智力的延伸，它的作用是為人類服務(wù)并幫助人類解決問題，而非帶來智力上的負(fù)擔(dān)。人類沒有必要讓智能機(jī)器替代完成所有的體力和腦力勞動，諸如吃飯、品茶和寫詩，因?yàn)槟鞘侨祟惔嬖诘臉啡ず蛢r值。同樣，對于建筑和景觀設(shè)計(jì)工作而言，除了數(shù)據(jù)收集處理、繁瑣的計(jì)算，以及重復(fù)的勞動之外，還有思考的樂趣和美的創(chuàng)造，后兩者絕對不應(yīng)該交給智能工具去完成，否則，人類的存在就失去了意義。第二，失去人類控制的或過于復(fù)雜而難以被人操作的智能工具會給人類的生活和工作帶來負(fù)擔(dān)，甚至危及生命安全，正如飛行員無法控制的高智能飛機(jī)可能會使乘客命懸一線。所以，在創(chuàng)造出絕對可靠的智能工具之前，人類絕不能放棄對于工具的主動控制權(quán)。

除此以外，我對于將智能工具應(yīng)用于人類活動，特別是景觀設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域，仍然充滿熱情。事實(shí)上，就在我坐下來寫這篇短文之前，我手機(jī)上的智能徒步應(yīng)用軟件已經(jīng)詳細(xì)記錄了今天我與學(xué)生一起考察安徽省黃山市西溪南村每條街巷的軌跡，配合鏈接在一起的數(shù)字照片，我可以準(zhǔn)確記錄每一座建筑物和每一處景觀的信息。同時，學(xué)生們已經(jīng)利用無人機(jī)和激光測量工具實(shí)測了他們即將進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)的幾處場地，并連夜完成了數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)字化以及可視化表達(dá)?，F(xiàn)在他們已經(jīng)可以上網(wǎng)查詢第二天將要考察的豐樂河流域的水利歷史和人文故事。而在我的學(xué)生時代，要完成場地實(shí)測和制圖，需要冒著生命危險(xiǎn)翻墻上房進(jìn)行測量，再用方格紙連續(xù)畫上幾天幾夜；而要查閱豐樂河這樣的地方資料，恐怕需要跑幾天圖書館，翻閱古籍檔案才能有所收獲。如此種種，智能工具無疑讓我們在獲取更準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)的同時，有更多時間去做那些更具創(chuàng)造力和更加有趣的工作，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)作為設(shè)計(jì)師的價值。

智能工具在本質(zhì)上與石斧一樣，是人類創(chuàng)造和使用的工具。而試圖讓智能工具來替代所有人類創(chuàng)造行為的設(shè)想，本質(zhì)上是對人類價值的否定，其將使人類生活變得無趣、失去自由并充滿風(fēng)險(xiǎn)--這便是智能工具最危險(xiǎn)的陷阱。

① 來自唐納德?J?特朗普于2019年3月12日發(fā)布的Twitter內(nèi)容。

On March 10, 2019, an Ethiopian Airlines' Boeing 737 MAX aircraft crashed six minutes after take-off, killing all 157 people on board. On October 29, 2018, a Lion Air plane of the same model crashed in a similar way, killing all 189 people on board. Investigation teams for both suspected that a loss of control by the Maneuver Characteristics Augmentation System (MCAS) on the 737 MAX aircrafts caused these crashes.[1] In announcing the decision to ground all Boeing 737 MAX aircrafts in the United States, President Donald J. Trump tweeted: “Airplanes are becoming far too complex to fly. Pilots are no longer needed, but rather computer scientists from MIT… and the complexity creates danger. All of this for great cost yet very little gain… I want great flying professionals that are allowed to easily and quickly take control of a plane!”①

I am not able to judge whether a negative correlation exists between machine intelligence and aircraft safety. However, when it comes to applying new tools to daily life and work, including landscape architecture, I do have several thoughts. First, artificial intelligence is an extension of human intelligence. It should be used to help us solve problems rather than to bring intellectual burdens. There is no need for humans to ask intelligent machines to help on all physical and mental work, such as eating, tea-tasting, and poetry writing, which are the fun and add value to mankind. Similarly, architecture and landscape design work consisting of not only repetitive work such as data collection and calculations, but also thinking and beauty creating, should never be handed over to the intelligence tools. Otherwise, what meaning would have been left for the existence of mankind? Second, when the intelligence tools are out of control or too complex and difficult to use, they can potentially put a burden on human life and work, or even threaten human lives. A perfect example was the aircraft with high intelligence that pilots could not control, eventually putting passengers' lives in danger. Therefore, humans should not give up active control over the tools before reliable intelligence tools are created.

I am passionate about the use of intelligence tools in human activities, especially in the field of landscape architecture. Before sitting down to write this essay, I noticed that my smartphone had tracked the details of my walk through the alleys of Xixinan Village in Huangshan City, Anhui Province. Matched with the digital photos, I am able to accurately record the information of each building and landscape. At the same time, my students have been using drones and laser tools to measure several sites they are going to design, and have completed the digitization and visualization of the data overnight. Now they are preparing for a site visit to the Fengle River Basin by accessing digital data on the hydrologic history and stories. When I was a student, I had to climb roofs for site measurements, and then spent days and nights drawing on grid paper to complete maps. For information on local places, I could easily spend a few days looking for ancient books in the library. In short, intelligence tools have undoubtedly freed our hands for more creative and interesting work while acquiring more accurate data, helping us realize the value of being designers. 

Intelligence tools are no different from ancient stone axes, both of which are tools created and used by humans. Efforts to replace our creative behaviors with such tools are essentially denying human values, leading to boring lives and risks with a loss of freedom - this is the trap of intelligence tools.

① From Donald J. Trump’s tweets on March 12, 2019.
Reference

[1] Pasztor, A., & Tangel, A. (2019, March 29). Investigators Believe Boeing 737 MAX Stall-Prevention Feature Activated in Ethiopian Crash. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/investigators-believe-737-max-stall-prevention-feature-activated-in-ethiopian-crash-11553836204

 

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