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  • 《景觀(guān)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2020年第1期

    作 者：
    羅濤（LUO Tao），林宇晨（LIN Yuchen）,克里斯蒂娜?馮?哈倫（Christina von HAAREN）等
    類(lèi) 別：
    景觀(guān)
    出 版 社：
    高等教育出版社有限公司
    出版時(shí)間：
    2020年2月

俞孔堅(jiān)?基于自然，讓自然做功：國(guó)土空間規(guī)劃與生態(tài)修復(fù)之本——《景觀(guān)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2020年第1期“主編寄語(yǔ)”

Work with and by Nature: The Essence of Territorial Spatial Planning and Ecological Restoration, By Yu Kongjian

 

近兩個(gè)月來(lái)，我頻繁造訪(fǎng)了世界上人居環(huán)境頗具挑戰(zhàn)性的三個(gè)城市：墨西哥首都墨西哥城、孟加拉國(guó)首都達(dá)卡，以及泰國(guó)首都曼谷。

在墨西哥城，我隨當(dāng)?shù)氐某鞘醒芯繉?zhuān)家、國(guó)家水務(wù)局及市水務(wù)局的主管沿著溪流谷地走街串巷、長(zhǎng)途踏勘。在溪流的源頭山林，我感受到了溪水的清澈與涼爽；而進(jìn)入城市后，水流則變得渾濁并散發(fā)著惡臭；貪婪的城市建筑和道路將溪谷脅迫得只留下一條窄縫；為應(yīng)對(duì)季節(jié)性洪水的威脅，城市不得不斥巨資渠化河道、高筑河堤，將本可優(yōu)美流淌并給城市帶來(lái)巨大福祉的溪流直接排入粗大的水泥管道中，囚禁于黑色中窒息而亡，隨后與污水一起從城市的另一端排出。各方人士對(duì)目前惡化的人居環(huán)境幾乎都束手無(wú)策，因而不得不跨流域調(diào)水以滿(mǎn)足城市供水需求，同時(shí)投資建設(shè)更龐大的管道系統(tǒng)。于是，灰色的鋼筋水泥工程不斷覆蓋綠色的自然生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，自然的自我調(diào)節(jié)功能逐漸喪失，熱島效應(yīng)加劇。這個(gè)曾經(jīng)漂浮在湖泊中的城市，幾乎已經(jīng)耗盡來(lái)自高原湖泊的水資源，接著又吸干了地下水，導(dǎo)致城市逐年下沉[1]。由于地下水得不到補(bǔ)充，阿茲特克人富有特色的水上田園消失殆盡。

在達(dá)卡，剛下飛機(jī)的乘客隨即會(huì)被警告不能直接飲用自來(lái)水，因?yàn)閹缀跛械牡乇硭家言獾轿廴荆艿乐械淖匀凰匆矡o(wú)法保證未被污水滲透[2]。隨后，在當(dāng)?shù)叵驅(qū)У囊龑?dǎo)下，我參觀(guān)了當(dāng)?shù)厮^環(huán)境最好的社區(qū)。這是一個(gè)安保森嚴(yán)的封閉社區(qū)，社區(qū)周邊的公園是達(dá)卡市中心唯一可觀(guān)的公園。公園中原有的河流被切割成孤立的水泊，黑臭水體經(jīng)由污水管道源源不斷地排入其中。在入水口處，水面露出一排魚(yú)嘴，魚(yú)兒們?cè)趻暝睾粑１M管政府花費(fèi)了很大的精力進(jìn)行治理，卻收效甚微。然而，來(lái)此鍛煉的人卻絡(luò)繹不絕，他們就如同探出水面拼命呼吸的魚(yú)兒一般，這里成為了他們僅有的喘息之地。籌建中的新城選址于水泊對(duì)岸的田野上，這里是平坦低洼的河漫灘，每逢雨季都會(huì)被兩米深的水流淹沒(méi)，偶爾會(huì)形成幾處長(zhǎng)滿(mǎn)樹(shù)木的孤島，被奉為神圣的宗教場(chǎng)所。平原之上是蜿蜒的線(xiàn)性人造高堤，村莊大多建設(shè)于此，堤腳下是因取土而形成的水塘，兼做旱季水源之用。這一派田園牧歌的景象與隔河相望擁堵不堪的達(dá)卡市區(qū)相比，真有天壤之別。

在曼谷，我有幸參與了近年來(lái)當(dāng)?shù)刈畲蟮囊豁?xiàng)人居環(huán)境建設(shè)工程——政府付出巨大代價(jià)，遷出了一處有近一個(gè)世紀(jì)歷史的制煙廠(chǎng)，并將場(chǎng)地開(kāi)辟為森林公園。然而，這樣的城市生態(tài)修復(fù)工程對(duì)這個(gè)擁有一千多萬(wàn)人口的特大城市來(lái)說(shuō)，無(wú)異于杯水車(chē)薪。來(lái)自世界各地的游客大多被那些風(fēng)情獨(dú)特的佛塔和寺廟所吸引，或迷戀于無(wú)微不至的泰式服務(wù)。當(dāng)走出彌漫著異國(guó)香水的酒店大堂，來(lái)到建筑后方的街道或運(yùn)河旁，一種完全不同卻更為真實(shí)的曼谷的氣息撲面而來(lái)。于是我踏上了別樣的考察路線(xiàn)，在當(dāng)?shù)貙?zhuān)家的帶領(lǐng)下，乘船沿古老的運(yùn)河深入城市和郊區(qū)，感受最真實(shí)的泰國(guó)。運(yùn)河曾經(jīng)是曼谷生命機(jī)體的血脈，有數(shù)百年歷史的寺廟不時(shí)映入眼簾，但兩岸的果園大多已荒廢，民房和商鋪凋敝，一些曾經(jīng)的豪宅也因久無(wú)人煙而被熱帶植被所覆蓋。我心生疑惑，為什么這樣有特色的水上街市衰敗如此？專(zhuān)家告知，這些運(yùn)河原本非常繁榮，也是當(dāng)?shù)刈钍芮嗖A的旅游勝地[3]，但政府為了保護(hù)居民免受洪水危害，在河口修建了許多閘門(mén)，此舉在阻擋洪水的同時(shí)，也犧牲了行船的便利，因此游客不再光顧，居民也遷至他方。另外，陸路交通和汽車(chē)的發(fā)展也取代了這座城市對(duì)水上交通的依賴(lài)，原本與水共生且獨(dú)具曼谷特色的水上社區(qū)和街市更為荒廢，隨之而來(lái)的城市道路擁堵和大氣污染也日益加劇。

以上三個(gè)城市的魅力都在于城市與自然的和諧共生，而這一魅力的消失，或者說(shuō)是悲劇的產(chǎn)生，都緣于和諧關(guān)系的終結(jié)——不論是阿茲特克人的水上田園，與洪水相適應(yīng)的達(dá)卡聚落，還是曼谷的水上街市：城市建設(shè)侵占湖泊及河流等關(guān)鍵自然系統(tǒng)空間；城市盲目擴(kuò)張，超越了自然的承載力；過(guò)分依賴(lài)基于工業(yè)文明的灰色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，導(dǎo)致河道等生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施廢棄，可持續(xù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)隨之消失。究其本質(zhì)，所有這些都是國(guó)土空間的規(guī)劃問(wèn)題，其核心和關(guān)鍵是如何在自然基底中為發(fā)展中的城市選址，以及如何在城市的基底中保留和完善生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，使其為城市提供高品質(zhì)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。

緊接著的問(wèn)題是，如何挽救由于人類(lèi)的短視、無(wú)知或高傲而帶來(lái)的城市現(xiàn)狀，以及如何修補(bǔ)已經(jīng)不適宜人類(lèi)居住的城市。其核心是修復(fù)城市中的自然系統(tǒng)，包括為自然爭(zhēng)取更多的空間，重建“山水林田湖草”生命共同體的連續(xù)性和完整性，以及讓自然系統(tǒng)充分發(fā)揮生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。

國(guó)土空間規(guī)劃和生態(tài)修復(fù)之根本是讓自然做功，并收獲自然所提供的免費(fèi)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。這是人類(lèi)福祉的基礎(chǔ)，也是城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展的根本出路。

 

Over the past two months, I have visited three cities facing severe and challenging living environment: Mexico City, Dhaka, and Bangkok, capitals respectively of Mexico, Bangladesh, and Thailand.

In Mexico City I was accompanied by local urban experts and heads from national and municipal water authorities to make a long site survey along the river valley. At the source of the river in the mountains, I enjoyed the clear and cool stream water. But, entering the city, the river became turbid and stinky. Sprawling urban buildings and roads transformed the meandering river into a narrow channel. Facing seasonal flooding, the city invested generous funds to channelize the river with high levees. The river that was once beautiful and had brought great benefits to the city now is imprisoned in thick concrete, dark pipes, drained as sewage. At the end of wits, the city is constructing a larger pipeline system to transfer water from other basins, as a costly solution to the deteriorating living condition, to meet the city’s daily need. Now any green ecological infrastructure is covered with reinforced concrete, degrading the river’s ability to self-regulate and causing severer heat island effect. The city, once surrounded by lakes, has almost used up its groundwater and the water from the adjacent sources and is suffering from subsidence year by year[1], not to mention the erased cultural landscape of the indigenous Aztecs.

In Dhaka, visitors are warned not to drink the tap water because the surface water, as well as the water from natural sources conveyed by municipal pipes, is almost contaminated[2]. Led by the local guide, I visited a gated community, thought to have the best living environment in the country, that was heavily fortified away from its surrounding. The park nearby the community was the only green space in central Dhaka. The river that passed through the park had been cut into isolated ponds, full of dark and stinky water. Rows of fish mouths emerged at the water inlet — the fish were struggling to breathe. Despite the great effort the government has made in water management, very little has affected. Surprisingly, large numbers of people come to the park, like the fish reaching their mouths out of the water trying to breathe. The park was the rare place where they could get relieved. A new city is in the works on the other side of the river, where currently a low-lying floodplain is often inundated with water two-meter deep in the rainy season. Occasionally, several tree-covered islands emerge and are regarded as sacred religion spots. A constructed levee separates villages from the floodplain. At the base of the levee there is a pond formed by the excavated dirt. It serves as the water source for the villages during the dry season. This idyllic scene and lifestyle is dramatically different from the crowded Dhaka across the river.

Finally, in Bangkok I revisited an urban design project of my team, which is also one of the largest resettlement projects in the city in recent years. The government relocated a 100-year-old tobacco factory and transformed the site into a forest park. However, such an urban ecological restoration action is utterly inadequate for a city with a population of over 10 million. Tourists from all over the world enjoy Bangkok’s rich architecture and culture a lot — the unique pagodas and temples, or the meticulous Thai service. However, when I walked out of fancy hotels with exotic aroma in the air, I experienced a completely different and more authentic Bangkok when passing through the streets and along the canals. Guided by local experts, I took a boat along an ancient canal that was once the lifeblood of Bangkok. Besides the temples with hundreds of years of history, what came into my view were the abandoned orchards on both sides, obsolete residences and stores, and derelict mansions covered by overgrown tropical vegetation. I wondered why such a unique water corridor had declined. Our guides explained that the canal was once the most popular destinations in the area[3]. However, to protect the local residents from floods, the government built estuary gates that resisted floods but also limited boating. As a result, tourists no longer came and the locals had moved elsewhere. Worse, auto infrastructure had replaced water transportation, and, along with the declined floating communities and markets, Bangkok is suffering from an increasing congestion of urban roads and heavy air pollution.

All of the three cities have strong historical connections with nature. Yet, in each the relationship has been cut off, whether it is the loss of the Aztec floating gardens, the decline of Dhaka settlements that can accommodate floods, or the fading of Bangkok’s floating markets. As urban construction encroaches on key natural systems, including lakes and rivers, urban growth often overpowers natural resiliency. In these cases, cities begin to rely on grey infrastructure rather than ecological infrastructure, resulting in a loss of sustainable ecosystem services. Cities must become better at territorial spatial planning and have the foresight to develop and grow while preserving and improving existing ecosystems.

The next question is how do we remedy the current urban challenges resulted from humans’ shortsightedness, ignorance or arrogance, and how do we repair urban landscapes that are no longer suitable for human inhabitation? The answer is to restore the natural systems in cities by preserving more room for nature; to restore the continuity and integrity of the natural system of mountains, waters, forests, fields, lakes, and grasslands; and to help maximize the ecosystem services of these natural systems.

Essentially, territorial spatial planning and ecological restoration is to work with and by nature that would provide generous ecosystem services for humans, and, eventually, to increase people’s well-being and enhance cities’ development of sustainability.

 

REFERENCES

[1] Lemon, J. (2018, September 14). Mexico city is sinking while also running out of drinking water. Newsweek. Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/mexico-city-sinking-while-also-running-out-water-1122482

[2] Hasan, M. K., Shahriar, A., & Jim, K. U. (2019). Water pollution in Bangladesh and its impact on public health. Heliyon, 5(8), e02145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02145

[3] Batra, A. (2014). Floating markets: Balancing the needs of visitors as a tourist attraction and locals way of life. A case study of Talingchan floating market, Bangkok Thailand. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Systems, 7(2), 1-8.


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