俞孔堅(jiān),浙江金華人,1963年生。1987年獲北京林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位后留校任教5年,1995年獲美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)博士學(xué)位,主攻城市與景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。1995~1997年任美國(guó)SWA集團(tuán)景觀與城市設(shè)計(jì)師。1997年回國(guó)任北京大學(xué)教授,創(chuàng)建
俞孔堅(jiān),浙江金華人,1963年生。1987年獲北京林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位后留校任教5年,1995年獲美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)博士學(xué)位,主攻城市與景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)。1995~1997年任美國(guó)SWA集團(tuán)景觀與城市設(shè)計(jì)師。1997年回國(guó)任北京大學(xué)教授,創(chuàng)建北京大學(xué)景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究中心(現(xiàn)在的北京大學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院),同年創(chuàng)立北京土人景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究所(現(xiàn)在的北京土人景觀與建筑規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院)。
訪談內(nèi)容
Domus:為什么會(huì)起“土人”這樣一個(gè)名字?
俞孔堅(jiān):因?yàn)閯e人都打著洋牌子,所以我們就只有叫“土人”了(笑)。當(dāng)然更重要的是希望表達(dá)一個(gè)想法就是,景觀本來(lái)就是體現(xiàn)人與土地、自然的關(guān)系的,它應(yīng)該是“天地—人—神”合一的。另外,也是“鄉(xiāng)土中國(guó)人”的意思,因?yàn)橹袊?guó)自古就是一個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó),人與土地的關(guān)系是最根本的關(guān)系。所以中國(guó)的景觀設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)當(dāng)是建立在這個(gè)根本關(guān)系之上的,而不是盲目模仿西方的景觀設(shè)計(jì),否則就是脫離了中國(guó)人的真實(shí)生活、脫離了中國(guó)性。
Domus:您在今年的全美景觀設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)年會(huì)及國(guó)際景觀設(shè)計(jì)師聯(lián)盟第43屆世界大會(huì)上作了關(guān)于“生存的藝術(shù)”的主題報(bào)告,您能簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下其中的主要觀點(diǎn)嗎?
俞孔堅(jiān):景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)的起源,即“生存的藝術(shù)”,一種土地設(shè)計(jì)和監(jiān)護(hù),并與治國(guó)之道相結(jié)合的藝術(shù)。遺憾的是,我們的上層文化并沒有珍惜這種源于生存藝術(shù)的、充滿意味的、真實(shí)的桃花源,因?yàn)槟鞘且环N與苦難、勞動(dòng)和生存相聯(lián)系的下層文化,是與下等平民相聯(lián)系的文化。兩千多年來(lái),帝王們?cè)缫巡辉傧翊笥砟菢雨P(guān)懷土地和人民,閹割了真實(shí)的桃花源中的稻田和果園等與生存相關(guān)的良田美池,大造虛假、空洞的桃花源, 并美其名曰:造園藝術(shù)。在各國(guó)書店里有多少關(guān)于中國(guó)園林藝術(shù)的書籍塞滿了關(guān)于中國(guó)文化的書架,卻很難找到一本關(guān)于中國(guó)真實(shí)的桃花源的書籍。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),東西方學(xué)者們串通一氣,向世人編織一個(gè)彌天大謊,使人們誤認(rèn)為中國(guó)造園藝術(shù)——這一虛假的桃花源藝術(shù)就是中國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)的國(guó)粹,繼而代表中國(guó)。我要提醒我的西方和東方同行們:正是這種“國(guó)粹”加速斷送了一代代曾經(jīng)輝煌的封建帝國(guó)。
也正是這種腐朽、虛假的園林藝術(shù),與同樣腐朽的、來(lái)自古羅馬廢墟的城市藝術(shù)像雜交,充塞者、裝點(diǎn)著當(dāng)代中國(guó)的城市。而與此同時(shí),我們挖掉了農(nóng)家祖墳的最后一棵風(fēng)水樹,搬進(jìn)城市廣場(chǎng);截流了流向千年村落的最后一股清泉,用于灌溉城市大街上的奇花異草,在營(yíng)造一個(gè)當(dāng)代虛假的“桃花源”的同時(shí),卻糟踏了中國(guó)大地上真實(shí)的“桃花源”。
在中國(guó)城市經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的背景下,農(nóng)業(yè)迅速退出社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的主導(dǎo)地位,同樣農(nóng)耕技術(shù)及農(nóng)耕文明中孕育的關(guān)于生存和土地監(jiān)護(hù)的、日常的、鄉(xiāng)土景觀藝術(shù)也隨之衰落。這些都使中國(guó)的大地景觀面臨嚴(yán)峻的危機(jī):生態(tài)完整性的破壞,文化歸屬感的喪失,歷史遺產(chǎn)的消失。農(nóng)業(yè)時(shí)代的桃花源將不可避免地走向衰敗。
面對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的日益惡化,文化身份的喪失以及人與土地精神聯(lián)系的斷裂,當(dāng)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)必須肩負(fù)重建“天地—人—神”和諧的使命,在這個(gè)城市化、全球化、工業(yè)化的時(shí)代里設(shè)計(jì)新的“桃花源”。
而景觀不僅僅事關(guān)環(huán)境和生態(tài),還關(guān)系到整個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)于自己文化身份的認(rèn)同和歸屬問(wèn)題。景觀是家園的基礎(chǔ),也是歸屬感的基礎(chǔ)。在處理環(huán)境、重拾文化身份以及重建人地的精神聯(lián)系方面,景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)也許是最應(yīng)該發(fā)揮其作用的學(xué)科。
我強(qiáng)調(diào)三個(gè)原則: 設(shè)計(jì)尊重自然;設(shè)計(jì)尊重人;設(shè)計(jì)尊重土地之神。過(guò)去,景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)在定位上存在著致命的弱點(diǎn),其中一個(gè)最重要的原因就在于它仍然把自己當(dāng)作古老園林藝術(shù)的延續(xù),這是大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)。景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)是我們祖先在謀生過(guò)程中積累下來(lái)的種種生存藝術(shù)的結(jié)晶,這些藝術(shù)來(lái)自于對(duì)于各種環(huán)境的適應(yīng),來(lái)自于探尋遠(yuǎn)離洪水和敵人侵?jǐn)_的過(guò)程,來(lái)自于土地丈量、造田、種植、灌溉、儲(chǔ)蓄水源和其他資源而獲得可持續(xù)的生存和生活的實(shí)踐。重歸真實(shí)的人地關(guān)系,關(guān)注普通人日常生活需要,是當(dāng)代景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)的精神。
domus:Why did you name your company "Turenscape"?
Yu Kongjian: Because other firms call their companies with foreign names, so we decide to call ourselves "Turen" (earthy person). The most important reason was that we wanted to express an idea through this name. In my opinion landscapes should represent the relationship between land and people. They should be in harmony with "Man, nature and spirit". The name also reflects our country’s characteristics. China has been a large agricultural nation for thousand of years, so its most fundamental relationship is between the land and the people. Instead of copying Western design, the land design in China should be built on the foundation of this basic relationship, or else it would be separated from our own lives and Chinese condition.
domus:I know that you made the keynote speech at the 2006 ASLA Annual Meeting and the 43rd IFLA World Congress. Could you briefly talk about the main ideas you addressed?
Yu Kongjian: Landscape architecture is an art of survival, is an integration of design and stewardship. Unfortunately, our upper-class culture did not appreciate the real vernacular landscape of the Land of Peach Blossoms because it belongs to the lower culture, the common landscape of surviving and food production, and is associated with hard working and inferior people. Instead, for two thousands years, the elite class of nobles and emperors recreated the fake Land of Peach Blossoms for pleasure making, using ornaments, false rockery, and honored them as the high art of "gardening".
Ironically this art of gardening did nothing more than accelerating the decline of the feudalist Chinese empire. In this sense, the art of gardening is no more than the art of foot binding, which was so much appreciated by the emperors and nobles. This decaying art of gardening was recognized as our glorious tradition and our national identity, and highly regarded by current Western and Chinese scholars alike. It is also seen flourishing, and mixed the ruins of Roman art, in the national wide movement of establishing the beautiful city, and the "garden city" campaign. On the other hand, we try to build our city by taking old trees from the villages, diverting streams from farms. When we build new skylines, we are destroying the actual Land of Peach Blossoms.
The role of agriculture has declined in China’s urban-centered economy, along with the skills and the art of agricultural cultivation and stewardship. This process began with the classical scholar garden art from thousands of years ago, and has now spread to civic art and landscape architects compete for a tiny piece of land in the city. Simultaneously our mother rivers run dry and polluted, underground water continue to drop every day, and in the north, sand storms are affecting the area’s arable land. In facing environmental and ecological degradation, loss of cultural identity and the erosion of our spiritual connection to our land, the mission of contemporary landscape architecture is to bring nature, man and the spirit together again, to create a new Land of Peach Blossoms in an urbanized, globalized and industrialized area.
Landscape architecture is possibly the most legitimate profession among those dealing with our physical environment to work toward recovering our cultural identity and building the spiritual connection between people and their land.
The obvious overall principles are: land design should be in harmony with nature; landscape design should be executed with people in mind; landscape design should also be designed with spirit in mind.
One of the most important reasons for landscape architecture’s weakness in addressing major environmental issues is that landscape architecture, as a profession, is still associated with the ancient tradition of gardening. It is time to declare that landscape architecture is not a direct descendent of garden art, but a heritage of the survival skills of our ancestors who had to endure a changing environment, ensuring a safe place from floods and enemies, while surviving by leveling the land, planting and irrigating crops, and saving water and other resources for sustaining the family and the people. Landscape architecture works on a larger and more significant scale than the field of garden arts.
案例欣賞:
綠林中的紅飄帶——秦皇島市湯河濱河公園設(shè)計(jì)
這個(gè)案例試圖說(shuō)明如何在城市化過(guò)程中保留自然河流的綠色與藍(lán)色基底,最少量地改變?cè)械匦魏椭脖灰约皻v史遺留的人文痕跡,同時(shí)滿足城市人的休閑活動(dòng)需要。方案在完全保留原有河流生態(tài)廊道的綠色基底上,引入一條以玻璃鋼為材料的紅色飄帶。它整合了包括漫步、環(huán)境解說(shuō)系統(tǒng)、鄉(xiāng)土植物標(biāo)本種植、燈光等功能和設(shè)施需要,用最少的干預(yù),獲得都市人對(duì)綠色環(huán)境的最大需求。
項(xiàng)目區(qū)位及背景
項(xiàng)目位于中國(guó)著名濱海旅游城市秦皇島市區(qū)西部,坐落于湯河?xùn)|岸.長(zhǎng)約lkm,設(shè)計(jì)范圍總面積約20ha。
場(chǎng)地特征與挑戰(zhàn)
場(chǎng)地有以下幾大特征,為設(shè)計(jì)提出了挑戰(zhàn),同時(shí)提供了機(jī)會(huì);良好的自然稟賦:地段內(nèi)植被茂密,水生和濕生植物豐富,為多種魚類和鳥類生物的棲息地;“臟亂差”的人為環(huán)境和殘破的設(shè)施:場(chǎng)地具有城郊結(jié)合部的典型特征,多處地段已成為垃圾場(chǎng),有殘破的建筑和構(gòu)筑物,包括一些堆料場(chǎng)地和廠房。水塔、提灌泵房、防洪堤壩、提灌渠等;安全隱患和可達(dá)性差:場(chǎng)地可達(dá)性差,空間無(wú)序,存在安全隱患,環(huán)境治理迫在眉睫;
使用需求壓力:目前這一地帶由于位于城鄉(xiāng)結(jié)合部的特點(diǎn)和缺乏管理;同時(shí),越來(lái)越多的城市居民把它當(dāng)作游憩地,包括游泳、垂釣、體育鍛煉等;
開發(fā)壓力:城市擴(kuò)張正在脅迫湯河,渠化和硬化危險(xiǎn)迫近。就在場(chǎng)地的下游河段,兩岸已經(jīng)建成住宅,隨之,河道被花崗巖和水泥硬化.自然植被完全被“園林觀賞植物”替代,大量的廣場(chǎng)和硬地鋪裝、人工的雕塑和噴泉等徹底改變了湯河生態(tài)綠廊。
設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)
如何避免對(duì)原有自然河流廊道的破壞。同時(shí)又能滿足城市化和城市擴(kuò)張對(duì)本地段河流廊道的功能要求,成為本設(shè)計(jì)要解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題,也是本設(shè)計(jì)的主要目標(biāo)。河流廊道的自然過(guò)程和城市居民對(duì)它的功能需求兩者合起來(lái),就是湯河濱河公園的生態(tài)服務(wù)功能,包括水源保護(hù)、鄉(xiāng)土生物多樣性的保護(hù)、休憩、審美啟智和科普教育。
設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)策:綠林中的紅飄帶
為健全上述生態(tài)服務(wù)功能,本方察提出“紅飄帶”設(shè)計(jì)。保護(hù)場(chǎng)地原有的鄉(xiāng)土植被的綠色基地,在其上設(shè)計(jì)一條綿延500多米的紅色飄帶,這是一個(gè)綿延于東岸林中的線性景觀元素,具有多種城市功能:它與木棧道結(jié)合,可以作為座椅;與燈光結(jié)合,而成為照明設(shè)施;與種植臺(tái)結(jié)合,而成為植物標(biāo)本展示廊;與解說(shuō)系統(tǒng)結(jié)合,而成為科普展示廊;與標(biāo)識(shí)系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合,而成為一條指示線。它由玻璃鋼構(gòu)成,曲折蜿蜒,因地形和樹木的存在而發(fā)生寬度和線型的變化;中國(guó)紅的色彩,點(diǎn)亮幽暗的河谷林地。沿紅飄帶,分布五個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),分別以五種草為主題。每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)都有一個(gè)如“云”的天棚。網(wǎng)架上局部遮擋,有虛實(shí)變化,具有遮蔭、擋雨的功能。夜間整個(gè)棚架發(fā)出點(diǎn)點(diǎn)星光,創(chuàng)造出一種溫譬的童話氛圈;斜柱如林木;地上鋪裝呼應(yīng)天棚的投影;在這天與地之間是人的活動(dòng)和休息空間和專類植物的展示空間。
項(xiàng)目名稱:湯河濱河公園景觀設(shè)計(jì)
業(yè)主:秦皇島市園林局
設(shè)計(jì):北京土人景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院,北京大學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院
首席設(shè)計(jì)師:俞孔堅(jiān)
設(shè)計(jì)總監(jiān):凌世紅 劉向軍 陳晨
主要設(shè)計(jì)人員:牛靜 何俊偉 寧維晶
參與設(shè)計(jì):孟羽佳 王錚 李何亮 廖安生 羅翠翠 李瑤
設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間:2005年10月
竣工時(shí)間:2006年7月
The Red Ribbon —— The Tanghe RiVer Park
Against a background of natural terrain and vegetation, a 500-meter-long “red ribbon” was designed, which integrates multiple functions of lighting, seating, environmental interpretation, and orientation. While maximally preserving the natural river corridor during the process of urbanization, this project demonstrates how a minimum design solution can achieve a dramatic improvement to the landscape.
Location
The project is located on the east bank of the Tanghe River, at the weast urban fringe of Qinghuangdao City, Hebei Province, China. The site is a linear river corridor, with a total area of about 20 hectares.
Site Conditions and Challenges
The following conditions of the site imply great opportunities and challenges for the design: Good ecological condition: the site is covered with lush and diverse local vegetation that provides diverse habitats for various species.
Unkempt and deserted: located at the peripheral area of a beach city, the site was a garbage dumping site, with deserted slums and irrigation facilities such as ditches and water towers that were built for farming years ago.
Potential safety and accessibility problems: distributed with lush shrubs and “messy” grasses, the site was virtually inaccessible and insecure for people to use.
Use demands: along with the urban sprawl process, the site was sought after for recreational uses such as fishing, swimming and jogging by the people who come to reside in the newly developed communities nearby.
Development pressure:The speedy process of urbanization was seen as threatening the river corridor. Channellization was likely to occur along the river banks, as had happened to the lower reach of the same river, and the natural river corridor was likely to be replaced with hard pavement and ornamental flower beds.
Design objectives
The major design challenge was how to preserve the natural habitats along the river while creating the new urban uses of recreation and education.
Design solution
A “red ribbon” was designed against the background of green vegetation and blue water. The “red ribbon” extends for about 500 meters along the river bank, integrating a boardwalk, lighting, seating, environmental interpretation, and environmental orientation. The“red ribbon” is made of fiber steel, and lit from inside out at night. It is 60 cm high, and 30-150 cm wide. Plants samples are grown from strategically placed holes on “red ribbon.” Five pavilions, in the shape of clouds, are distributed along the “red ribbon,” which provide protection from the weather, meeting opportunities and vertical visual focal points.
The Chinese red color lights up this densely vegetated site, and the simple linear element provides a structural instrument that reorganizes the former “messy” and inaccessible site. The natural site has been dramatically “urbanized” and modernized, two attributes that are highly sought after by the local residents, many of whom are former farmers and newly urbanized, while keeping intact the ecological processes and natural services of the site.
Project Name: Landscape of the Tanghe River Park
Client: The Landscape Bureau, Qinghuangdao City, Hebei Province, China
Design firm: Turenscape
Design Principal: Kongjian Yu
Design team: Ling Shihong, Liu Xiangjun, Chen Chen, He Junwei, Niu Jin, Ning Weijin, Men Yujia, Wang Zheng, Li Heliang, Liao Ansheng, Luo Shuishui, Li Yao
Design Period: 2005.10
Completion: 2006.7