上海市景觀學(xué)會(huì)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)顧勤
編者按：本文為上海市景觀學(xué)會(huì)秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)顧勤在2009年4月23日由北京大學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院主辦，《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》雜志、《景觀中國(guó)》網(wǎng)站、北京土人景觀與建筑規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院上海分院協(xié)辦的“全球金融危機(jī)下景觀設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)的機(jī)遇與就業(yè)論壇”上海分論壇上的主題發(fā)言，詳細(xì)分析了此次金融危機(jī)為景觀行業(yè)所帶來(lái)的機(jī)遇。經(jīng)顧勤先生授權(quán)，特由景觀中國(guó)網(wǎng)站全文發(fā)布，以饗讀者，標(biāo)題為景觀中國(guó)編者所加。
很高興今天受朱群總經(jīng)理邀請(qǐng)參加此次由北京大學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院等單位舉辦的《全球金融危機(jī)下景觀行業(yè)的機(jī)遇與就業(yè)論壇》，在此，請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我代表上海市景觀學(xué)會(huì)預(yù)祝此次論壇圓滿成功。
首先，讓我們回顧一下此次的金融危機(jī)時(shí)間表，2006年，金融危機(jī)在美國(guó)爆發(fā)，2007年，金融危機(jī)波及中國(guó)，2008年，我國(guó)外貿(mào)出口企業(yè)告急，同年，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)振興政策出臺(tái)，2008年底，長(zhǎng)三角、珠三角、天津?yàn)I海新區(qū)、中西部各核心城市圈的環(huán)境生態(tài)規(guī)劃工程開(kāi)始啟動(dòng)，其中僅《武漢城市圈兩型綜改區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境規(guī)劃》一項(xiàng)規(guī)劃總投資就達(dá)到5128.5億元。
我國(guó)城市經(jīng)過(guò)多年快速發(fā)展，環(huán)境形勢(shì)不容樂(lè)觀，生態(tài)環(huán)境規(guī)劃建設(shè)任務(wù)十分艱巨，在釋放內(nèi)需尚待時(shí)日的客觀條件下，政府買單大力發(fā)展城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)及生態(tài)環(huán)境規(guī)劃建設(shè)，構(gòu)筑我國(guó)圈域大生態(tài)格局無(wú)疑是目前我國(guó)高層決策者的不二之選。
我認(rèn)為，此次金融危機(jī)為景觀行業(yè)創(chuàng)造了前所未有的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，為景觀行業(yè)的發(fā)展裝上了加速器，我預(yù)計(jì)，景觀行業(yè)至少可以從節(jié)能減排、循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)林業(yè)、生態(tài)水系、生態(tài)能源、生態(tài)恢復(fù)與環(huán)境整治、生態(tài)家園、生態(tài)安全保障能力建設(shè)管理等9大領(lǐng)域獲益。
而我國(guó)新生代的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師們，將是此次生態(tài)大建設(shè)的主力軍。
讓我們回顧一下我國(guó)景觀學(xué)科的發(fā)展歷程：
眾所周知，80年代始，F(xiàn)orman和Godron提出了“景觀與區(qū)域；斑塊、廊道、基質(zhì)”等景觀生態(tài)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)原理。
同期，我國(guó)部分歸國(guó)及本土的年輕學(xué)者緊隨國(guó)際景觀學(xué)科發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，在國(guó)內(nèi)積極倡導(dǎo)景觀學(xué)科的建設(shè)，得到國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)人士的支持和參與。
20世紀(jì)90年代，我國(guó)提出生態(tài)建設(shè)的戰(zhàn)略國(guó)策，在國(guó)家相關(guān)部門的支持下，景觀行業(yè)科技從業(yè)人員不媚權(quán)勢(shì)，不迷信權(quán)威，以科學(xué)的態(tài)度和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實(shí)作為學(xué)術(shù)研究理念，在景觀學(xué)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的研究取得了較大的成績(jī)：
首先，從景觀生態(tài)學(xué)的角度明確了“景觀”的學(xué)術(shù)定義和內(nèi)涵，科學(xué)區(qū)分了“風(fēng)景園林”和“景觀”的概念，糾正了長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)對(duì)“景觀”與“園林”的觀念混淆，駁斥了關(guān)于“景觀學(xué)等于風(fēng)景園林學(xué)、“景觀”本身概念模糊不可定義”等荒謬論調(diào)，在行業(yè)內(nèi)端正了科學(xué)發(fā)展的學(xué)科思想、堅(jiān)定了景觀行業(yè)科技人員的從業(yè)信心。
在理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的基礎(chǔ)上，提出了諸如：“景觀系統(tǒng)整體性和景觀要素異質(zhì)性；景觀研究的尺度性；景觀結(jié)構(gòu)的鑲嵌性；生態(tài)流的空間聚集與擴(kuò)散；景觀的自然性與文化性；景觀寅化的不可逆性與人類主導(dǎo)性及景觀價(jià)值的多重性”等很多具有中國(guó)特色的景觀學(xué)核心理念。
大量研究證明：景觀生態(tài)學(xué)提供的理論和原理可以直接應(yīng)用于城市規(guī)劃和園林設(shè)計(jì)，對(duì)城市規(guī)劃與園林設(shè)計(jì)具有指導(dǎo)意義，基于景觀生態(tài)學(xué)理論的城市規(guī)劃與園林設(shè)計(jì)更具整體前瞻性與科學(xué)性，景觀學(xué)科的發(fā)展對(duì)我國(guó)的生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)具有實(shí)質(zhì)性的推動(dòng)作用。
無(wú)容置疑，景觀學(xué)科的發(fā)展也給我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的園林設(shè)計(jì)等相關(guān)學(xué)科提供了提出了更高的時(shí)代要求，在風(fēng)景園林等相關(guān)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域，很多青年科技工作者及學(xué)科領(lǐng)軍人物、學(xué)術(shù)帶頭人都敏銳地把握到了這一學(xué)科發(fā)展的良機(jī)，他們勤學(xué)好問(wèn)、深入學(xué)習(xí)景觀學(xué)理論，廣納兄弟學(xué)科精髓、博采眾長(zhǎng)、摒棄門戶之爭(zhēng)、學(xué)科之爭(zhēng)、抓住我國(guó)城市環(huán)境規(guī)劃與生態(tài)建設(shè)的大發(fā)展機(jī)遇，積極參與城市規(guī)劃與園林設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐，成為了我國(guó)第一輪城市建設(shè)的獲益者和行業(yè)的佼佼者。
但也有小部分人至今對(duì)景觀學(xué)的定義仍持有異議，對(duì)“景觀”這一詞匯的學(xué)術(shù)釋義和日常通用概念混淆不清，如果只是學(xué)術(shù)之爭(zhēng)，亦無(wú)可厚非，各門各派可以本著百家爭(zhēng)鳴，百花齊放的指導(dǎo)思想，各抒己見(jiàn)、共同探討、共同研究、共同進(jìn)步，也是好事。
即便是有人覺(jué)得：“道不同不相與謀、話不投機(jī)半句多”，亦可以閉門謝客，孤芳自賞，閑暇時(shí)，舊瓶裝裝新酒，自斟自酌，倒也對(duì)社會(huì)無(wú)害。
但是，我們要警惕極個(gè)別人為謀私利、自譽(yù)泰斗，自封權(quán)威，故意偷梁換柱、混淆學(xué)術(shù)概念、惡意否定景觀學(xué)科、無(wú)視景觀學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究新成果，又仗勢(shì)欺人，人為給景觀學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的學(xué)科工作者的職業(yè)發(fā)展制造障礙、千方百計(jì)阻繞景觀學(xué)科發(fā)展；如果遇到這樣的流氓權(quán)威和學(xué)霸泰斗，我們必須毫不留情，勇敢直面，堅(jiān)決據(jù)理力爭(zhēng)；
因?yàn)橹挥羞@樣，我們才能保護(hù)我們的新學(xué)科發(fā)展空間，因?yàn)橹挥羞@樣，我們才能為我們爭(zhēng)取到純凈自由的學(xué)術(shù)研究環(huán)境。
同志們，第二輪景觀行業(yè)大發(fā)展的機(jī)遇已經(jīng)來(lái)臨，這正是我們景觀設(shè)計(jì)師們運(yùn)用景觀生態(tài)學(xué)理論，在我國(guó)新一輪城市生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)浪潮中大試身手、大展宏圖的時(shí)候！
我認(rèn)為：只要我們堅(jiān)持科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，旗幟鮮明地反對(duì)學(xué)霸作風(fēng)，堅(jiān)持“百家爭(zhēng)鳴、百花齊放”的學(xué)術(shù)指導(dǎo)思想，堅(jiān)定學(xué)科信心，積極實(shí)踐，在景觀生態(tài)分析、景觀生態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)、景觀生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)、景觀生態(tài)規(guī)劃等領(lǐng)域科學(xué)應(yīng)用景觀生態(tài)學(xué)的最新理論研究成果；
我有理由相信，我們一定會(huì)取得更大的成功，景觀行業(yè)將會(huì)有更加美好的前景。
我的發(fā)言，僅是拋磚引玉，不妥之處，請(qǐng)各位專家不吝賜教。
謝謝！
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I’m very happy that the General Manager, Mr. Zhu Chen invited me here today to speak at the Forum on Industry Development and Employment Opportunities in Landscape Architecture in the Global Economic Crisis. First off I’d like to wish this forum great success
Looking back, the beginning of the crisis began in the United States in 2006 and began influencing China in 2007 leading to decline in business and downfall of many foreign trade companies. In 2008 the Chinese government began iniatives to develop better ecological planning in landscape projects. The government also began to strengthen infrastructure and connections in areas of high urban development, creating better transport and trade connections between cities to create growth in key areas in the country. Four specific areas are the focus of this iniative: the Tian Jin Binghai New Area, the Zhu river triangle which includes the cities of Shengzhen and Guangzhou, the Chang San River Triangle which includes: Shanghai and it’s of surrounding cities and the Wuhan New Area. To illustrate the scale of this project a single landscape project in the New Area has a project value of over 500 billion rmb. Even in the shadow of the economic crisis a great deal of opportunity exists in China for development in our industry.
During the rapid development of China’s economy and cities the environment was often sacrificed in the interest of strong industrial development. Now that development has slowed the government can focus on correcting environmental issues that were created by rapid industrialization. To reach the long term goal of increased consumer spending the government can sustain the economy by direct investment in these environmental projects which will stimulate the economy through the creation of new jobs and create a more sustainable economy for key areas in the country.
I think the financial crisis has created a unique opportunity for landscape architecture development in China with opportunities in 9 key areas: energy saving emission reduction, sustainable development, ecological architecture, eco forestry, ecological water systems, bio energy sources, ecological restoration, eco buildings and computer assisted environment management.
With Chinese governments focus on new environmental development, landscape architects must provide the backbone of this new system by providing our knowledge and expertise in the development of a stronger and more environmentally and economically sustainable China. It must be our mission as an industry to ensure a focused development to help rescue not only the environment but the economy as well.
Now, allow me to look back at the development of Landscape Architecture. Modern landscape architecture in China is derived from the defining works of Godron and Forman and landscape ecology, and not from classical Chinese gardening. It’s focus is on ecological development of systems and demands a much deeper understanding of the environment and sustainability than the purely aesthetic practices of classical gardening. In China today Yuan Ling (Classical Chinese Gardening) and Jing Guan (Landscape Architecture) are translated to English as Landscape architecture even though the fields could not be more different. The practices of traditional Chinese gardening are purely aesthetic and can damage an environment, while the practices of true landscape Architects protect and sustain as well as beautify the environment.
The first round of development of development in China focused on infrastructure and now in the face of the economic crisis the second round of development is upon us. This development cycle will focus landscape and ecological development. It is our responsibility as Landscape architects to guide this development to not only create a better future for China but to create a better future for our industry. To ensure personal success and the success of our industry in future development it is crucial for us to focus on Landscape Architecture’s ties to ecology and to differentiate as much as possible from classical Chinese gardening and that field’s misrepresentation of its relationship to Landscape planning.
This speech is the beginning of a dialogue that I hope will lead to growth in our industry for the benefit of all parties involved. I hope the ideas I presented today will stimulate discussion and I look forward to any ideas you may have about these issues… thank you very much.
北京朝陽(yáng)區(qū)
地址：北京市海淀區(qū)中關(guān)村北大街100號(hào)（北樓）北京大學(xué)建筑與景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院一層 Email：info@landscape.cn
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