做碳排放研究，先了解這些工具

導(dǎo)讀

在向數(shù)字化低碳城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)方向轉(zhuǎn)型的過程中，碳排放量化評估是關(guān)鍵一環(huán)。本文分別在城市尺度和片區(qū)／街區(qū)尺度上對多種典型的數(shù)字化碳排放評估工具進(jìn)行了綜述，并總結(jié)了工具評估的維度和參考依據(jù)?？偟膩碚f，現(xiàn)階段基于能源系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃和運(yùn)營能耗模擬的評估工具仍占主導(dǎo)；隨著碳排放預(yù)測的精細(xì)化發(fā)展趨勢和脫碳政策重點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變，基于用地類型和材料的碳排放預(yù)測和碳匯估算工具也發(fā)展迅速。然而，這些工具目前在城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐項(xiàng)目中的應(yīng)用有限，特別是在初期階段。因此，本研究繼而通過分析未應(yīng)用數(shù)字化評估工具的低碳實(shí)踐案例，指出：未來，應(yīng)提高工具的靈活性和場景適應(yīng)性，構(gòu)建完善的數(shù)據(jù)庫，兼顧運(yùn)營碳、隱含碳和碳匯計(jì)算，契合多維度、多標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、全流程的評估需求。

關(guān)鍵詞

低碳城市；碳排放；碳排放評估工具；城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)；數(shù)字化；碳匯

01引言

碳排放評估工具綜述研究框架 ? 徐萌，仲玥，葉宇

02研究方法

本文利用谷歌學(xué)術(shù)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選和驗(yàn)證。首先，檢索了1980年1月1日至2023年12月31日發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)，檢索關(guān)鍵詞包括“carbon assessment tools”“carbonemission evaluation”“l(fā)ow carbon urban planning”“l(fā)ow carbon urban design”“l(fā)ow-carboncity””urban energy planning”“carbon-neutral city”“碳排放評估工具”“低碳評估指標(biāo)體系”“碳排放評估工具綜述”“零碳城市”“零碳規(guī)劃”“減碳技術(shù)”“碳中和城市規(guī)劃”。隨后選取多次被提及的評估工具。此外，本文選取了部分創(chuàng)新性強(qiáng)、代表近期發(fā)展趨勢且開發(fā)相對成熟的工具。最后，對所得工具進(jìn)行初步分類，每類中官方介紹較為詳細(xì)、完善的工具被保留并用于最終分析。

03研究結(jié)果

碳評估工具的開發(fā)和演進(jìn)與低碳政策及相關(guān)需求的發(fā)展息息相關(guān)。首先，城市和片區(qū)／街區(qū)尺度上的碳評估工具從20世紀(jì)80年代開始出現(xiàn)，在近十年顯著增多。片區(qū)／街區(qū)尺度的評估工具近些年的發(fā)展增速尤為明顯，這反映了低碳評估精細(xì)化發(fā)展趨勢，以及脫碳政策重點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變。

城市氣候政策分析類工具CURB ? World Bank Group

3）基于用地類型的碳排放預(yù)測類工具：基于真實(shí)地塊的土地利用類型變化來預(yù)測城市在不同發(fā)展情景下的碳排放水平。近年來，大量研究學(xué)者著手探索更加精細(xì)化的碳排放預(yù)測方法，但其發(fā)展尚處于起步階段。

基于用地類型的碳排放預(yù)測類工具CarbonVCA操作界面 ? UrbanComp

CarbonVCA技術(shù)路線圖 ? 徐萌，仲玥，葉宇

運(yùn)營能耗模擬類工具umi能源需求計(jì)算示意圖 ? MIT Sustainable Design Lab

umi技術(shù)路線圖 ? 徐萌，仲玥，葉宇

2）隱含碳和碳匯估算類工具：雖然有少數(shù)運(yùn)營能耗模擬類工具也兼具隱含碳評估的功能，但其只量化建筑建設(shè)和改造產(chǎn)生的隱含能源消耗，不涉及景觀等其他城市環(huán)境和設(shè)施。新興碳評估工具將焦點(diǎn)從運(yùn)營碳轉(zhuǎn)向隱含碳，可根據(jù)用地類型和材料等數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)測各尺度項(xiàng)目的隱含碳和碳匯，尤其考量大尺度項(xiàng)目的環(huán)境影響。

隱含碳和碳匯估算類工具Carbon Conscience官網(wǎng)頁面 ? SASAKI

Carbon Conscience技術(shù)路線圖 ? 徐萌，仲玥，葉宇

04討論

05結(jié)語

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本文引用格式 / PLEASE CITE THIS ARTICLE AS

Xu, M., Zhong, Y., & Ye, Y. (2024). Towards digitalized urban planning and design of low-carbon cities: Evolution and application review of assessment tools. Landscape Architecture Frontiers,  12(2), 9?29.

https://doi.org/10.15302/J-LAF-1-020096

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