景觀倫理
The Ethics of Landscape
作者:托馬斯?費希爾 Author: Thomas FISHER
摘要 ……
本文探討了我們應(yīng)該如何對待景觀所涉及的倫理內(nèi)涵。文章分為3個部分,從時間和倫理角度來分析景觀,得出以下結(jié)論:如果我們對自然界的支配地位不加以分析且不應(yīng)對這一挑戰(zhàn),將無法與我們居住和依存的景觀形成可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)系。
這3個部分依次分析了在責(zé)任倫理、契約倫理和結(jié)果倫理影響下不同類型的景觀。責(zé)任倫理通常決定了我們?nèi)绾慰创阅撤N方式紀念過去的地點,可能是我們祖先的埋葬地,又或是保護野生動物免遭人類侵害的地方;同樣,契約倫理定義了我們處理當代景觀的典型方法,即以財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)決定所有者對土地擁有可對其進行改造的處置權(quán);最后,結(jié)果倫理通常引發(fā)我們對未來景觀的思考,即我們應(yīng)該如何依照預(yù)期結(jié)果評價現(xiàn)在的行為。
這一切使我們面臨困境:無論我們看起來如何道德地操控景觀,為了滿足自身需求我們已破壞棲息地、導(dǎo)致其他物種滅絕,我們要如何為自己進行辯護?這一問題涉及道德倫理,不再強調(diào)我們對于改變景觀的責(zé)任,而是應(yīng)改變自身的私欲和需求。換言之,倘若我們不挑戰(zhàn)現(xiàn)存的信念和價值觀,將無法履行對自然界的責(zé)任。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
倫理學(xué);責(zé)任;契約;結(jié)果;美德
Abstract ...
This article explores the ethical implications of how we treat landscapes. It lays out a three-part, temporal and ethical analysis of landscape architecture and concludes that without an analysis of and challenge to our assumed dominance over the natural world, we will never achieve a sustainable relationship to the landscapes that we inhabit and depend upon for our survival as a species.
The three-part analysis aligns different types of landscapes with duty, contract, and consequential ethics. Duty ethics often determines how we treat places that memorialize the past in some way, whether it be where our ancestors are buried or where wildlife are protected from human intrusion. Likewise, contract ethics typically defines how we typically approach contemporary landscapes, with property rights determining who gets to manipulate the land and what activities occur there. Finally, consequentialist ethics often drives our thinking about future landscapes, how we should judge our current behavior in terms of its expected consequences.
All of this leaves us with a dilemma: however ethical we might seem in our manipulation of landscapes, how can we justify our damage of habitat and extinction of other species while we accommodate our own needs? That question leads us to virtue ethics, which puts the emphasis not on our responsibilities in altering landscapes, but instead on changing our own expectations about ourselves and our needs. In other words, we cannot fulfill our responsibility to the natural world without challenging our own beliefs and values.
Key words ...
Ethics; Duty; Contracts; Consequences; Virtue
無界之城:對中國大學(xué)校園規(guī)劃策略的探索
Framed to Be Open: Exploring the Strategies of Planning University Campuses in China
作者:何志森、查爾斯?安德森、卡里拉?扎卡里亞 Author: Jason HO, Charles ANDERSON, Khalilah ZAKARIYA
摘要 ……
在追求現(xiàn)代化的過程中,中國展開了大學(xué)新校區(qū)的建設(shè)。這些新校區(qū)通常采用一種如同“紫禁城”般的、脫離于周邊環(huán)境的規(guī)劃方式。在這種模式下,大多數(shù)大學(xué)資源被布置在圍墻內(nèi),而且不允許周邊居民使用。這樣的布置方式強調(diào)了公私分離的政治管理體制,產(chǎn)生了一種帶有歧視性的城市排外政策。本文在認識到邊界的重要性的同時,也通過重新審視邊界在自下而上的過程中,以及共享資源的生產(chǎn)中現(xiàn)有的作用,提出了有別于傳統(tǒng)的大學(xué)校區(qū)總體規(guī)劃的規(guī)劃方式。這些規(guī)劃方式不是提供一種“一次性”的設(shè)計方案,而是將真實生活狀況視為一種不斷變化的過程、一個動態(tài)的系統(tǒng),并制定了一套可以被規(guī)劃師、城市設(shè)計師、建筑師與景觀設(shè)計師用來重新定義公共與私人邊界的策略。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
邊界;滲透性;共享資源;區(qū)劃
Abstract ...
In the quest for modernization, China has embarked upon the construction of new university campuses. These new campuses are often planned in a way similar to the ‘Forbidden City’, isolated from the surrounding context. Under this model, most of the university resources are arranged within boundary walls and not allowed to be used by neighboring residents. This type of arrangement reinforces the politics of public-private separations and produces a discriminating urban policy of exclusion. While acknowledging the significance of boundary the paper speculates alternatives to the traditional master plan of university campus, through re-examining the current role of boundary in the bottom-up process and the production of shared resources. Instead of providing one-off design solutions, the alternatives re-examine a real-life condition as an evolving process and dynamic system through a set of strategies by which planners, urban designers, architects and landscape architects can use in redefining the boundary between public and private.
Key words ...
Boundary; Permeability; Shared Resource; Zoning
技術(shù)、環(huán)境與人
Technology, Environment and Human Being
作者:吳國盛 Author: Guosheng WU
摘要 ……
過去,我們認為技術(shù)是被動的、中性的,只是人類用來達成自我目的的工具。但現(xiàn)在,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)技術(shù)本身具有某種自主性和能動性。通過技術(shù),人和環(huán)境始終處在一種動態(tài)的關(guān)聯(lián)之中。技術(shù)能動性意味著設(shè)計者、技術(shù)創(chuàng)作者都無法確切地預(yù)知新的技術(shù)會帶來哪些后果,技術(shù)在今天具備強大的引領(lǐng)性的力量。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
技術(shù);環(huán)境;人;能動性;動態(tài)關(guān)聯(lián)
Abstract ...
We used to believe that technologies were passive and neutral tools for people to achieve their goals. But now we start to realize that technologies have certain autonomy and dynamism. Technology has created the dynamic association of humans and the environment. With the progress of technology, neither designers nor inventors would be able to accurately predict the consequences of new technology. That is why technology today is a strong leading force.
Key words ...
Technology; Environment; Human Being; Dynamism; Dynamic Association
設(shè)計的理想國
The Utopia of Design
作者:周博 Author: Bo ZHOU
摘要 ……
20世紀60年代由維克多?帕帕奈克提出的“設(shè)計倫理”對西方現(xiàn)代設(shè)計思想的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了非常深遠的影響。這是一種批判性思考,是對過度地看重消費、不重視環(huán)境和用戶體驗的商業(yè)設(shè)計的反思。本訪談討論了設(shè)計倫理的核心內(nèi)容,以及道德倫理的思考與設(shè)計實踐之間的關(guān)系。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
設(shè)計倫理;維克多?帕帕奈克;道德思考;消費
Abstract ...
The concept of design ethics was first put forward by Victor Papanek in 1960s. It is a rethinking for the commercial design excessively valuing consumption as well as ignoring the environment and users' experience, which has influenced the western design theory deeply. This interview discussed the core content of design ethics, and the relationship between ethical thinking and design practice.
Key words ...
Design Ethics; Victor Papanek; Ethical Thinking; Consumption
重賦土地以靈魂—城市景觀視覺主義批判
Reviving the Soul of Land — Criticism on Ocularism of Urban Landscape
作者:李溪 Author: Xi LI
摘要 ……
“景觀”一詞,以及它在西方景觀史上的意義,都與權(quán)力的象征有著某種聯(lián)系。這個詞語從表面上看與“自然”有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系,但無論是“Landscape”一詞的最初指涉,還是后來發(fā)展起來的“風(fēng)景園”,其內(nèi)部都隱藏著人類充滿權(quán)力的注視目光。通過對“景觀”詞義發(fā)展史的簡單梳理,本文將呈現(xiàn)東西方對于景觀概念在視覺問題上存在的差異,并對當下景觀設(shè)計中的視覺主義做出批判。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
景觀;視覺主義;自然;棲居
Abstract ...
The word “l(fā)andscape”, as well as its meaning in the western history of landscape, has something to do with the symbol of power. The word has seemingly countless ties with “nature”, but both the original reference of “l(fā)andscape” and the landscape garden that rose later has the attentive eye for power hidden inside. By analyzing the development history of the word “l(fā)andscape,” this paper will highlight the different concepts of "landscape" between the eastern and the western world, and make criticism of "ocularism" in current design of landscape.
Key words ...
Landscape; Ocularism; Nature; Residence
一次關(guān)于城市景觀對人類健康影響的學(xué)術(shù)對話(上)
A Dialogue on the Impact of Urban Landscape on Human Health (I)
作者:姜斌、威廉?C?蘇利文、張俊彥 Author: Bin JIANG, William C. SULLIVAN, Chun-Yen CHANG
摘要 ……
此次對話強調(diào)了城市景觀對人類身心健康的影響這一議題的重要性。圍繞這個主題,從以下4個方面展開了探討:(1)研究議題的重要性;(2)關(guān)于城市景觀如何影響身心健康的實證研究證據(jù);(3)城市景觀如何影響社會交往;(4)欣賞自然對于健康的益處。對話的最后,探討了在這一領(lǐng)域展開國際教育合作的可能性。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
城市景觀;身心健康;科學(xué)證據(jù);社會交往;環(huán)境公平
Abstract ...
This dialogue emphasized the importance of exploring multiple impacts of urban landscapes on human health. We identified four main aspects of research on this topic: (1) The importance of this issue; (2) Empirical evidence regarding connection between landscape and human health; (3) How urban landscape influences social interactions; (4) The health benefits of contacting with nature. In the end, we discussed how to develop an international education collaboration in this field.
Key words ...
Urban Landscape; Human Health; Empirical Evidence; Social Interaction; Environmental Justice
中外棕地再生案例比較中的環(huán)境倫理
Perspective of Environmental Ethics in Brownfield Regeneration through Comparative Case Studies between China and Abroad
作者:曾穎、鄭曉笛 Author: Ying ZENG, Xiaodi ZHENG
摘要 ……
隨著我國城市化的不斷發(fā)展,過度開發(fā)自然資源及粗放的工業(yè)活動導(dǎo)致了土地污染與環(huán)境惡化,引發(fā)了一系列涉及棕地再開發(fā)的環(huán)境安全事件。在景觀行業(yè)內(nèi),中外均已開展了相當數(shù)量的實踐活動。應(yīng)對棕地問題,迫切需要我們建立協(xié)調(diào)人與自然環(huán)境關(guān)系的環(huán)境倫理意識。通過對國內(nèi)外棕地再生案例中的環(huán)境倫理觀進行比較研究,分析其異同,本文希望從環(huán)境倫理角度為應(yīng)對當前和未來的棕地再開發(fā)中面臨的挑戰(zhàn)提供一些借鑒。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
景觀設(shè)計;棕地;環(huán)境倫理;環(huán)境公正;再生;比較研究
Abstract ...
With the continuous development of urbanization in China, excessive exploitation and use of natural resources and extensive industrialization have resulted in land pollution and environmental degradation, and triggered a series of environmental safety issues associated with brownfield regeneration. A considerable amount of practice has been carried out across the world in the field of landscape architecture. Brownfield regeneration urges us to recognize environmental ethics in seeking harmony between human and nature. By comparing and studying the similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign brownfield regeneration projects, this paper aims to provide insights from the perspective of environmental ethics to help us confront with the challenges from current and future brownfield regeneration practice.
Key words ...
Landscape Architecture; Brownfield; Environmental Ethics; Environmental Justice; Regeneration; Comparative Study
非正規(guī)垂直社區(qū):委內(nèi)瑞拉加拉加斯市大衛(wèi)塔
Informal Vertical Communities : Torre David in Caracas, Venezuela
作者:U-TT建筑與都市主義實踐事務(wù)所 Author: Urban-Think Tank
摘要 ……
大衛(wèi)塔,這座委內(nèi)瑞拉第三高、佇立于加拉加斯市前中央商務(wù)區(qū)核心地帶的45層的高樓,隨著其開發(fā)商的離世,以及1994年委內(nèi)瑞拉金融危機的到來,失去了財團的資金支持,逐漸被遺棄,并成為流民的聚集地?,F(xiàn)在,它已成為一個自發(fā)形成并不斷擴容的自組織社區(qū),為750多個家庭提供了住所,一些人稱之為“垂直的貧民窟”。設(shè)計團隊的干預(yù)方案旨在改善居民的生活狀況,減少能量消耗,降低碳排放量,從而使整個結(jié)構(gòu)自給自足。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
大衛(wèi)塔;垂直社區(qū);貧民區(qū);設(shè)計干預(yù)
Abstract ...
Torre David, the third tallest building in Venezuela, stands at an impressive 45 floors in the heart of Caracas’ former central business district. In the wake of the 1994 Venezuelan banking crisis the developer passed away and the financial group supporting the construction collapsed, leaving the building abandoned and a magnet for squatters. Today it is the improvised, continually revised home for more than 750 families living as a self-organized community in what some have called a vertical slum. The project team designed interventions to improve the residents’ living conditions, reduce energy consumption and render the structure self-sufficient.
Key words ...
Torre David; Vertical Community; Slum; Design Intervention
共享設(shè)計的交互平臺:澳大利亞凱蘭園區(qū)總體規(guī)劃
An Interactive Platform for Shared Design: The Callan Park Master Plan, Australia
作者:McGregor Coxall景觀與城市設(shè)計事務(wù)所 Author: McGregor Coxall
摘要 ……
McGregor Coxall景觀與城市設(shè)計事務(wù)所受委托為位于羅澤爾地區(qū)的占地面積61hm2的凱蘭園區(qū)制定總體規(guī)劃、融資模式及管理計劃。這片場地曾是悉尼最具政治敏感性和爭議性的公共場地之一。在該項目中,McGregor Coxall運用了澳大利亞最富創(chuàng)新性的社區(qū)參與策略,使用了一種世界領(lǐng)先的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)交互工具:www.callanparkyourplan.com.au。在收集了1 600位用戶的90 000頁反饋意見,以及經(jīng)過無數(shù)次社區(qū)討論會后,設(shè)計團隊為一個“健康保護區(qū)”制定了總體規(guī)劃。規(guī)劃在一種歷史景觀的背景下,通過教育與研究,提供現(xiàn)代化的身心醫(yī)療服務(wù)。該規(guī)劃使得凱蘭園區(qū)能夠成為未來悉尼內(nèi)西區(qū)最具地方代表性的公共財富。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
咨詢;社區(qū)參與;總體規(guī)劃;創(chuàng)新;健康;互動
Abstract ...
McGregor Coxall was appointed to develop a master plan, financial model and plan of management for the 61 hm2 Callan Park site in Rozelle. It has a history as one of the most politically sensitive and contentious public sites in Sydney. To deliver this project they developed the most innovative community engagement strategy ever undertaken in Australia utilising a world-leading interactive web tool www.callanparkyourplan.com.au. After 90,000 page views of feedback from 1,600 users and numerous community workshops, the team developed a master plan for a Wellness Sanctuary. The plan includes modern mental and physical health services with education and research in an historic landscape setting. The plan secures the future of Callan Park as a regionally significant public asset for Sydney's inner west.
Key words ...
Consultation; Community Engagement; Master Plan; Innovative; Health; Interactive
畫個圓圈介入自然—遼寧興城一等海公寓外部景觀設(shè)計
Draw a Circle in Nature— Landscape Design for High End Ocean Apartment in Xingcheng, Liaoning
作者:房木生 Author: Musheng FANG
摘要 ……
設(shè)計師通過設(shè)置一個簡單、完整的圓形路徑,將人帶入一片樹林中,并由此展開人與自然的各種對話,從而闡釋人工與自然之永恒的景觀設(shè)計主題。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
景觀設(shè)計;人工;自然;圓圈;介入
Abstract ...
The design of this project uses a simple, circular path, which can bring people into the woods. It launches conversations between human and nature, thus the checks and balances between them, the eternal theme of landscape architecture is revisited.
Key words ...
Landscape Architecture; Man-made; Nature; Circle; Intervention
蘇州太湖沿岸慢行步道(示范段)設(shè)計
Design of the Bicycle and Pedestrian Trail along Taihu Lake (Demonstration Part), Suzhou
作者:蘇州致朗景觀設(shè)計顧問有限公司 Author: Z-land Landscape Design & Consulting, Inc.
摘要 ……
項目位于蘇州高新區(qū)沿太湖的湖岸線上,開闊的湖景與連綿的綠色吸引了附近鎮(zhèn)區(qū)的居民和遠道而來的游客。本項目通過尋求對植被和環(huán)境影響最小的慢行線路,同時采用當?shù)氐牟牧吓c工法來表現(xiàn)地緣景觀的特色,最終呈現(xiàn)出與自然環(huán)境極為融合的設(shè)計方案。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
低影響;慢行;地緣景觀
Abstract …
With an expansive lake view and a vast stretch of green grassland, the site, which is located along the shore of Taihu Lake in Suzhou New District, has attracted residents nearby and visitors from afar. By designing a bicycle and pedestrian route with the minimum impact on the surrounding vegetation and environment, the project tries to feature the geo-landscape with local materials and construction methods, and has managed to come up with a design in perfect harmony with its natural environment.
Key words …
Minimum Impact; Bicycle and Pedestrian; Geo-landscape
法國南特市布緹爾-橡樹生態(tài)區(qū)設(shè)計
Bottière-Chênaie Eco-district in Nantes, France
作者:安妮-西爾維?布乃爾 Author: Anne-Sylvie BRUEL
摘要 ……
布緹爾-橡樹生態(tài)區(qū)項目植根于當?shù)氐臍v史和地理條件。其設(shè)計通過凸顯當?shù)氐奶厣珌頉Q定如何在場地中對項目進行安置,以及如何將該項目作為一個整體來定位,在過去農(nóng)耕時代遺留下來的地塊框架上衍生出了新的公園和公共空間。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
法國;生態(tài)區(qū);場地歷史;雨洪管理
Abstract ...
The Bottière Chênaie Project was rooted in the site's history and geography. Our work looks to express these attributes in order to anchor the project in the site, to position it as a single place. The park and the public spaces are in keeping with the framework of parcels from the past agricultural occupation.
Key words ...
France; Eco-district; Site History; Stormwater Management
福州古窯址公園(淮安國賓館)景觀生態(tài)保護設(shè)計
Ecological Protection Landscape Design of Ancient Kilns Park (Huai’an State Guesthouse), Fuzhou
作者:成都景虎國際景觀設(shè)計有限責(zé)任公司 Author: International Landhoo of Chengdu Landscape Design Co., Ltd.
摘要 ……
福州古窯址公園一期(淮安國賓館)在建設(shè)過程中面臨保護與有限利用的雙重問題。設(shè)計過程中,景觀設(shè)計師需要通過綜合的專業(yè)知識和技巧使二者達到和諧與統(tǒng)一,具體涉及與保護地下文物有關(guān)的場地標高、古樹復(fù)壯、規(guī)劃選線等問題。通過各方的努力,呈現(xiàn)一個集生態(tài)保護與歷史文化于一體的特色公園。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
生態(tài)保護;文化遺存;古樹復(fù)壯
Abstract ...
During the construction process, the Ancient Kilns Park in Fuzhou faces dual problems of how to protect the site with limited use. In the process of design, landscape architects need both comprehensive professional knowledge and skills to achieve the goal of balancing and harmonizing the two major demands, especially upon the issues related to the protection of underground cultural relics, including site elevation, ancient trees rejuvenation and routes selection. Through efforts on all aspects, the Ancient Kilns Park presents a feature as the combination of ecological conservation and history and culture of the site.
Key words ...
Ecological Conservation; Culture Heritage; Ancient Tree Rejuvenation
炸彈、樹木和黃金:老撾戰(zhàn)后景觀重建中采礦與排雷的同化過程
Bombs, Wood and Gold: Synchronizing the Processes of Mining and Demining in the Post-war Landscape of Laos
作者:陸小璇 Author: Xiaoxuan LU
摘要 ……
該項目提出要在資源開采與戰(zhàn)后金屬循環(huán)經(jīng)濟之間建立新的聯(lián)系,通過重建因戰(zhàn)爭而傷痕累累的景觀,進而改善民生。這是一種“以開采金礦進行排彈”的戰(zhàn)略。仍殘留著越南戰(zhàn)爭留下的8 000萬余枚炸彈的老撾戰(zhàn)后景觀,成為重新思索采礦過程的契機;同時,礦藏勘探和采挖過程也將成為復(fù)原和重建這片危險之地的重要機制。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
戰(zhàn)后景觀;戰(zhàn)后金屬循環(huán);糧食生產(chǎn);資源開采;森林砍伐
Abstract ...
The project poses a new linkage between resource extraction and post-war metal cycling economies, strengthening a livelihood that heals a war-scarred landscape. It proposes a strategy of "demining bombs by mining gold". The bomb-soaked landscape of Laos, which has 80 million unexploded bombs left over from the Vietnam War, provides an opportunity to rethink the processes of mining. Simultaneously, mineral exploration and excavation processes become mechanisms of rehabilitating and reconstructing the hazardous ground.
Key words ...
Post-war Landscape; Post-war Metal Cycling; Food Production; Resource Extraction; Deforestation
邊界都市主義:重繪朝鮮和韓國之間的非軍事區(qū)
Borders as Urbanism: Redrawing the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and Republic of Korea
作者:金東世 Author: Dongsei KIM
摘要 ……
面對全球邊界數(shù)量不斷增加的情況以及全球化迅速發(fā)展帶來的緊張局勢,設(shè)計師對于邊界“建設(shè)-運營-解體”機制的理解與應(yīng)對手段仍然非常有限。在這樣的背景下,本文對“邊界都市主義”這一新的概念框架體系進行了概述。該體系將邊界視作一種通過持續(xù)不斷的空間性協(xié)商作用所產(chǎn)生的復(fù)雜空間狀態(tài)。文中對研究的起源、目標及其背后更為廣闊的背景進行了討論,揭示出在都市主義背景下,邊界由“物體”到“過程”這一不斷演變的呈現(xiàn)方式,以及在地緣政治學(xué)語境下邊界變化的趨勢與狀態(tài)。隨后,本文闡述了理解邊界的“4種視角”,即“歷史-壁壘-流動-全球性”,是在不同因素的共同作用下形成的,并運用這4種視角來檢驗世界上軍事化程度最高、局勢最為緊張、最為封閉的邊界之一——朝韓非軍事區(qū)。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
邊界;非軍事區(qū);地緣政治學(xué);地圖繪制;都市主義
Abstract ...
Despite the increasing number of borders and tensions in the rapidly globalizing world, designers’ understanding of the agency within the borders’ “construction-operation-deconstruction” process has been limited. Within this context, a brief reflection of how the new conceptual framework of “Border as Urbanism,” one which understands a border as a complex spatial condition that emerge from a series of continuous spatial negotiations is outlined. The origin, intention, and the larger background of the research are described. The evolving representations of borders in urbanism from an “object” to a “process” and current trends and conditions of borders within geopolitics are additionally unfolded. This then leads to how the “four lenses” of “History-Barrier-Flows-Global” are formulated as a result of this interdisciplinary synthesis, and this is applied to one of the most militarized, effective, closed border in the world, the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
Key words ...
Border; Demilitarized Zone (DMZ); Geopolitics; Mapping; Urbanism