復雜性的表達
Representing Complexity
作者:芮妮?周 Author: Renee CHOW
摘要 ……
伊恩?麥克哈格對地圖疊加法的改進為地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS)奠定了基礎。他通過疊加地圖的方法來說明生態(tài)系統(tǒng)之間的各種關系以及景觀格局,這可謂是自1413年左右經菲利波?布魯內萊斯基改良透視畫法以來,設計行業(yè)中最重要的表現(xiàn)方式和設計手段。除了地圖疊加法,麥克哈格還采用了很多其他表現(xiàn)方法來分析景觀的復雜性,并說明規(guī)劃及設計如何與生物物理過程、地質特征相互作用。這些主要用來表現(xiàn)景觀復雜性的空間分析手法和表現(xiàn)技法將擴展地理設計的適用性和優(yōu)越性。善用這些表現(xiàn)技法可以大力推進當前的地理設計,正如地圖疊加法加速了GIS的誕生。除了地圖疊加法以外,曾經被麥克哈格和他在賓夕法尼亞大學的同事們以及Wallace,McHarg,Roberts及Todd事務所(簡稱WMRT事務所;現(xiàn)Wallace,Roberts及Todd事務所,簡稱WRT)所使用過的其他表現(xiàn)方法還包括:地圖、斷面圖、分析圖、鳥瞰圖、塊狀圖、繪畫以及攝影圖片。我們將逐一介紹這些表現(xiàn)方法,并討論其應用于地理設計中的可能性。更全面地探索這些表現(xiàn)技法將有助于推動地理設計的應用,也有助于我們了解麥克哈格在地圖疊加法之外的其他貢獻。
關鍵詞 ……
景觀表現(xiàn);伊恩?麥克哈格;地理設計;地圖疊加法;景觀設計
Abstract ...
Ian McHarg helped build the foundation for geographical information systems (GIS) through his refinement of map overlay methods. McHarg’s use of map overlays in revealing ecological relationships and landscape patterns is arguably the most important representational tool and strategy for design since Filippo Brunelleschi’s refinement of perspective around 1413. In addition to overlays, McHarg employed other representational tools to analyze landscape complexity and to present how planning and design interventions interacted with biophysical processes and geological features. Spatial analytic strategies and representational techniques that focus on landscape complexity can expand the applicability and saliency of geodesign. This expansion could be similar to the influence of overlays to the creation of GIS. The other representational techniques employed by McHarg and his colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania and Wallace, McHarg, Roberts and Todd (now Wallace Roberts & Todd, WRT) include: maps, transects, diagrams, bird’s eye perspectives, block diagrams, drawings, and photography. Each of these techniques will be introduced as they were used by McHarg then discussed for potential geodesign applications. A more comprehensive exploration will help expand the potential of geodesign and also acknowledge McHarg’s broader contributions beyond map overlays.
Key words ...
Landscape Representation; Ian McHarg; Geodesign; Overlay Mapping; Landscape Architecture
地理設計中的優(yōu)化
Optimization in Geodesign
作者:弗雷德里克?斯坦納 Author: Frederick STEINER
摘要 ……
在景觀決策中采用優(yōu)化算法已經被看作是設計過程的對照。實際上,邁克爾?F?古特柴爾德已明確地將最優(yōu)化、小尺度(small-d)設計歸為運籌學和管理科學的一部分,并將其與隸屬于景觀設計與規(guī)劃的大尺度(big-d)設計進行了區(qū)分[1]。本文論證了通過優(yōu)化技術與地理設計技術的結合,以促進形成而非縮小景觀設計或規(guī)劃的決策空間。古特柴爾德認為優(yōu)化并不一定局限于形成單一的決策方案,而是通過對目標和限制因素(空間和全球性)的調控,產生一系列不同的決策方案。優(yōu)化算法的優(yōu)勢在于眾多的決策方案是位于非支配集中的。當用戶使用互動式地理設計工具來勾勒形狀和編輯屬性時,無論以何種標準衡量,所得到的許多解決方案都將次于另一些解決方案。優(yōu)化方法能夠剔除這些劣等方案,有利于設計師和利益相關者的決策過程。空間及其屬性抉擇的互動過程非常重要;然而真正的挑戰(zhàn)在于構建能夠將這些功能與穩(wěn)健優(yōu)化算法相聯(lián)系的系統(tǒng)。本文總結了森林管理和區(qū)域景觀規(guī)劃的各種可能性,并探索了抉擇過程中的快速響應時間,這能夠支持在非劣等方案間做出選擇,以及應對隨時間變化的不確定性和環(huán)境條件。
關鍵詞 ……
地理設計;優(yōu)化;森林管理;區(qū)域規(guī)劃
Abstract ...
The use of optimization algorithms in landscape decision-making has been seen as the antithesis of a design process. Indeed, Michael F. Goodchild clearly distinguished optimization, small-d design as part of operations research and management science, from big-d Design, which is the province of landscape architecture and planning[1]. This paper argues a case for integration of optimization techniques and geodesign technologies to help shape, but not narrow, the decision space associated with a landscape design or planning situation. Optimization need not, as Goodchild argues, be limited to production of a single point in the solution space. By creative manipulation of objectives and constraints (both spatial and global) a disparate set of possible futures can be generated. The advantage of using optimization is that all these points within the solution space are on a non-dominated surface. When the user is limited to a set of interactive geodesign tools, sketching shapes and editing attributes, many of the generated solutions may be inferior, on all criteria, to another solution. Optimization removes these inferior solutions and makes it easier for the designer, and the stakeholders, to review the options and make decisions. The interactive processes of spatial selection and attribution are still important; the challenge is to build systems that link these capabilities to robust optimization algorithms. The paper reviews these possibilities in the context of forest management and regional landscape planning and explores options for achieving fast response times, which supporting selection among the non-inferior solutions and dealing with uncertainty and conditions that change over time.
Key words ...
Geodesign; Optimization; Forest Management; Regional Planning
2013地理設計國際會議特別報道
Special Focus on 2013 Geodesign International Conference
作者:伊恩?畢夏普 Author: Ian BISHOP
摘要 ……
2013年10月28~29日,地理設計國際會議在北京大學召開。此次會議圍繞“地理設計:人地關系優(yōu)化設計的理論與實踐”的主題,采用主旨報告、專題討論及論文征集等方式對地理設計的定義、框架、未來發(fā)展前景以及實踐等方面進行了深入的交流與討論。本文匯集了此次會議與會嘉賓的精彩言論。
關鍵詞 ……
地理設計;優(yōu)化設計;理論;實踐;北京大學
Abstract ...
28th~29th October, 2013, the Geodesign International Conference was held in Peking University. The conference included keynote speeches, lighting talks and conference proceedings, discussing the geodesign's concept, framework, promise and practice around the theme "Geodesign: Maximinzing Beneficial Impacts". This article collects the important speeches of this conference.
Key words ...
Geodesign; Maximizing Beneficial Impacts; Theory; Practice; Peking University
理性教育:香港大學景觀設計學碩士設計論文教學體系
Teaching Rationale: MLA Design Thesis at the University of Hong Kong
作者:彭文輝、鄧信惠 Author: Matthew PRYOR, Dorothy TANG
摘要 ……
中國面臨著巨大的環(huán)境和社會挑戰(zhàn),景觀設計在幫助中國社會戰(zhàn)勝這些挑戰(zhàn)方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。景觀設計師需要能夠在有關環(huán)境、文化和社會問題的討論中發(fā)揮參與、理解和分析的權威作用,并且能夠提出合理的論據(jù),從而制定有意義的行動。隨著景觀設計師在中國的影響力的不斷擴大,我們的教學不應再局限于景觀的專業(yè)知識,以及構成、材料、技術方面的操作技能,而應轉向引導學生解決問題的理性教育。應該在教學中向學生傳授嚴謹?shù)闹R和理論框架,以利于他們未來的職業(yè)實踐,進一步說,即擴展學科領域。香港大學的景觀設計教育經歷了20年的發(fā)展,我們在有關設計論文的過程和價值方面也積累了一些思考。設計論文要求學生在景觀設計學科領域內提出具有批判性的觀點,并通過設計過程檢驗其假設是否成立。論文的最終目標在于促進景觀設計領域中的知識、方法和實踐的運用,為學生進入實踐領域做準備,以及讓他們——學科未來的領導者——積極參與這一過程,并培養(yǎng)其批判性的自我反思能力、創(chuàng)新能力,以及對社會、經濟、環(huán)境可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的堅定信念。本文結合景觀設計碩士設計論文課程,提出了相應的方法,并對部分學生成果進行了展示。
關鍵詞 ……
景觀設計論文;景觀研究生教育;景觀設計;設計基本原理;擴展領域的研究
Abstract ...
China faces massive environmental and societal challenges, and Landscape Architecture has a vital role to play in helping the community to overcome these. Landscape architects need to be able to engage, understand and analyze authoritatively in topical discourses on environmental, cultural and social issues, and to be able to present rational arguments for meaningful action. This expanding sphere of influence requires that the teaching of landscape architecture reach beyond technical knowledge of landscapes and skills in the manipulation of its forms, materials and technologies, and address the issue of rationale. It needs to give students the intellectual rigor and theoretical framework for their future professional practice and, more broadly, to expand the discipline. After twenty years of Landscape Architecture education at HKU, we have some thoughts regarding the process and value of a design thesis in this regard. Design Thesis should require students to articulate a critical position within the discipline of Landscape Architecture and test the proposition through a design process. The ultimate goal of the thesis process should be to advance the knowledge, methods, and practices of landscape architecture and to prepare students to enter the world of practice and participate actively as future leaders of the discipline, with the capacity for critical self-reflection, innovation, and strong convictions regarding the social, economic, and environmental sustainability of the built environment. This paper presents the approach, and some of the outcomes, of our Master of Landscape Architecture Design Thesis course.
Key words ...
Landscape Design Thesis; Graduate Landscape Education; Landscape Architecture; Rationale for Design; Research in the Expanded Field
尋找定位的挪威設計—挪威2013奧斯陸建筑三年展參觀感悟
Norwegian Design: Searching for Orientation — Inspiration from the 2013 Oslo Architecture Triennale
作者:佘依爽 Author: Yishuang SHE
摘要 ……
在北歐五國中,挪威設計并不是最為突出與典型的。但隨著世界對生態(tài)環(huán)境愈加重視的潮流,社會經濟環(huán)境優(yōu)越、人口密度低、人與自然關系極其密切的挪威正成為實現(xiàn)人與自然和諧發(fā)展的最佳實驗場。近十幾年來,挪威首都奧斯陸進行了一系列卓有成效的建設,包括圖伊豪爾門新區(qū)的更新、艾克貝格雕塑公園的對外開放、奧斯陸歌劇院的建造等,這些成果都標志著挪威試圖在人與自然、傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代的語境下找到屬于自己的設計定位。挪威奧斯陸建筑三年展通過一系列的展覽、講座、會議、參觀、交流、研修班等形式,將挪威尋找問題與答案、尋找設計定位的過程展現(xiàn)在世人面前,讓世界認識挪威設計,最終實現(xiàn)以建筑設計影響人類生活的目的。
關鍵詞 ……
挪威奧斯陸建筑三年展;建筑;景觀;人與自然;傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代
Abstract ...
Norwegian design is neither the most outstanding or most typical among Nordic countries. Boasting good socio-economic conditions, low population density, and an intimate understanding of human and nature interactions, Norway has been the ideal place to realize harmonious development between nature and human society. Over the past decade, Oslo, the capital of Norway, has witnessed a series of high profile construction projects, including the renovation of Tjuvholmen District, the opening of Ekeberg Park, and the construction of the Oslo Opera House. These projects demonstrate the country’s ambition to locate its own design aesthetic in the context of humans and the environment, traditional and modern. The Oslo Architecture Triennale (OAT) responds to this search through a series of exhibitions, lectures, conferences, visits, publications, and seminars. Broadcasting Norwegian design around the world will help to achieve the larger goal of influencing human life through architecture and design.
Key words ...
Oslo Architecture Triennale (OAT); Architecture; Landscape; Human and Nature; Tradition and Modernity
地理設計在宏觀尺度土地利用規(guī)劃實踐中的應用—北京市土地利用變化預景模擬與評估
Practice of Geodesign Approach in Macro-scale Land Use Planning — Scenario-based Simulation and Evaluation of Land Use Change in Beijing
作者:游鴻 Author: Hong YOU
摘要 ……
本文以北京市為例,闡釋了地理設計在宏觀尺度土地利用規(guī)劃實踐中的應用。本研究設計了一個簡單而全面的框架,來研究景觀變化的機制,設計和模擬未來的土地利用變化預景,從而對其進行評估并提出開發(fā)決策建議。本文同時討論了如何利用綜合的方法,例如定量分析和定性分析、自上而下的數(shù)學回歸分析和自下而上的啟發(fā)式方法(如神經網絡和元胞自動機),以解決大多數(shù)如北京這樣的大城市所面臨的不確定性和復雜性問題。最后,對本案例中將地理設計應用于宏觀尺度上的優(yōu)點和限制條件進行了總結。
關鍵詞 ……
地理設計;土地利用變化;預景模擬;北京
Abstract ...
This paper demonstrates the practice of the geodesign approach in macro-scale land use planning in Beijing. In this research, a simplified but comprehensive framework is designed to learn the mechanisms of landscape change, formulate and simulate future land use change scenarios, perform evaluations to support development decisions. It also discusses how to utilize hybrid methodologies, such as quantitative and qualitative, top-down mathematical regressions and bottom-up heuristic approaches like neural network and cellular automation, to address the uncertainty and complexity issues mostly confronted by megacities like Beijing. Finally, several lessons about the benefits and restricts of geodesign applications in macro-scale research learned from this case study are highlighted.
Key words ...
Geodesign; Land Use Change; Scenario-based Simulation; Beijing
悉尼麗澤德洛格公園
Lizard Log Parklands, Sydney
作者:McGregor Coxall景觀與城市設計事務所 Author: McGregor Coxall
摘要 ……
西悉尼公園信托基金委托McGregor Coxall景觀與城市設計事務所對麗澤德洛格公園(前身為皮梅拉公園)的設施進行翻新和擴建。項目不僅需要對現(xiàn)有衛(wèi)生間、燒烤和野餐設施進行升級和擴建,還需要重建兒童游樂區(qū)、開發(fā)出一處大型活動場地,并修建一座可連接一個重要的新停車場的交通橋。對于場地的自然特色的呼應,并以強大的可持續(xù)發(fā)展策略作為支撐共同推動了場地的重新設計。場地的供電由太陽能發(fā)電設施提供,沖廁則利用了大壩中的水,所有的中水被重新用于灌溉,再生材料也盡可能地得到再利用。游樂區(qū)通過將循環(huán)水引入兒童游樂泵和水道系統(tǒng)中,在一種獨特的令人欣喜而愉悅的游樂體驗中使設計理念得以延伸。
關鍵詞 ……
可持續(xù)發(fā)展策略;能源策略;自維持方式;再利用
Abstract ...
The Western Sydney Parklands Trust engaged McGregor Coxall to revitalize and extend the facilities of Lizrard Log Parklands (formerly known as Pimelea). This included an upgrade and extension to the existing toilet blocks, BBQ and picnic facilities, redevelopment of the children’s play area, the development of an events space and an access bridge along with the construction of a significant new car park. A sensitive response to the rural nature of the site, underpinned by a strong sustainable strategy, drove the site’s redesign. Power for the site is generated by solar panels, toilet flushing utilizes dam water, all grey water is reused for irrigation and recycled materials are used where possible. The play area extends this concept by introducing recycled water through a children’s play pump and water course system within a unique play experience that both excites and delights.
Key words ...
Sustainable Strategy; Energy Strategy; Self-Sustaining Approach; Reuse
方圓—2013第22屆法國肖蒙國際花園展作品
Square and Round — The Fang Yuan Garden in 2013 the 22nd Chaumont International Garden Festival
作者:俞孔堅、陸小璇 Author: Kongjian YU, Xiaoxuan LU
摘要 ……
“方圓”是2013肖蒙國際花園展的參展作品,并將作為永久作品保留。作為對中國傳統(tǒng)園林的當代解讀,其整體形式設計為外方內圓,通過建立圍合的空間和運用小中見大的中國園林手法以及填挖方平衡的工程技術,將當代雨水利用理念與傳統(tǒng)造園哲學相結合,創(chuàng)造出親切而富有美感的觀賞和體驗空間。
關鍵詞 ……
肖蒙國際花園展;中國傳統(tǒng)園林;當代解讀;雨水利用
Abstract ...
Installed in Chateau Chaumont, this small rain garden, Square and Round (Fang Yuan, 方圓), is a contemporary re-interpretation of Chinese traditional gardens by applying the formal language of curvilinear and square, the spatial experiential strategy of enclosure and making small into big, and through the construction technique of cutting and fill. This project integrates the contemporary concept of stormwater management with the Chinese gardening philosophy about man and nature, and provides an intimate pleasant experience both for viewing for performing.
Key words ...
Chaumont International Garden Festival; Chinese Traditional Garden; Contemporary Re-interpretation; Stormwater Management
管理“通往中國之路”:秘魯亞馬遜流域的設計、領域和數(shù)據(jù)
Governing the Road to China: Design, Territory and Data in the Peruvian Amazon
作者:阿什利?斯科特?凱利、彭文輝 Author: Ashley Scott KELLY, Matthew PRYOR
摘要 ……
對無人居住的場所進行設計通常會讓我們無所適從。包括生態(tài)和基礎設施旅游及村鎮(zhèn)開發(fā)在內的前沿項目,要么存在于極大的地域尺度中(如跨海高速公路),要么存在于民間組織展開工作的本地尺度下。因此,關于“保護”的一系列觀念(例如為減貧而進行的森林砍伐,或是僅限于科學范疇的生物多樣性等)常常會造成當?shù)靥匦耘c全球-地區(qū)環(huán)境脫節(jié)的情況。這些高度斑塊化的均質景觀對保護規(guī)劃造成了極大的障礙。作為哈佛大學“南美計劃”的一部分,我們在香港大學的研究工作力求建立一套研究架構,用以闡述在“南美洲區(qū)域基礎設施一體化倡議”下促成的高速公路的修建,對區(qū)域的森林砍伐現(xiàn)象造成的巨大卻非直接的影響。GIS作為這一架構中的重要工具,對原始數(shù)據(jù)和保育科學的途徑進行了深入挖掘。本文呈現(xiàn)了在這一過程中我們如何將GIS作為創(chuàng)造性媒介(并非僅僅是分析媒介),在數(shù)據(jù)匱乏的地區(qū)運用該媒介對復雜且特征清晰的地表和區(qū)域進行精確控制的嘗試。
關鍵詞 ……
環(huán)境解說;南美基礎設施一體化倡議;地理信息系統(tǒng);森林砍伐;政治生態(tài);中國-拉美研究
Abstract ...
We are typically at a loss when designing for places without people. Frontier projects, including eco- and infrastructural tourism and rural development planning, operate where geography is either incredibly large (inter-oceanic highways) or in the very local, immediate work of NGOs. Here, "myths" of conservation discourse (poverty driving deforestation, biodiversity as merely scientific, etc.) frequently decouple the global-regional from the specifics of place. These densely mosaicked and homogenous landscapes present formidable barriers to conservation planning. Run at HKU as part of Harvard’s South America Project, the work seeks a research agenda capable of narrating IIRSA highways' immense yet indirect role in deforestation. GIS serves as the primary tool for these narratives, deeply entrenched in the raw data and instruments of conservation science. This effort is described through speculations on GIS as a creative medium (not simply analysis) in data-poor regions, with precise control over complex, highly articulated surfaces and territories.
Key words ...
Environmental Interpretation; IIRSA; GIS; Deforestation; Political Ecology; China-Latin American Studies
開采景觀的再造
The Reworking of Landscapes of Extraction
作者:基斯?洛曼 Author: Kees LOKMAN
摘要 ……
在不斷推進的城鎮(zhèn)化、糧食與水資源緊缺、能源資源消耗、環(huán)境退化等種種現(xiàn)實下,區(qū)域主義再次成為我們審視那些構成當代景觀的驅動力和參與者的批判框架。在這一背景之下,本文的核心內容為“流的重組”,該方案為“轉變中的城市—低碳未來(2012)”國際設計競賽的獲勝方案①。這一方案構想了一種工業(yè)過程、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與文化網絡的流相互交織的動態(tài)空間布局方式。通過對區(qū)域尺度上的各種疊加的參與者、場所和活動的可視化與設計,“流的重組”以目前廢棄的產品為資本,將其轉化為有價值的資源。由此,方案的重點從設計結構定式和硬性基礎設施轉變?yōu)樘岢龈深A策略,以激活存在于現(xiàn)狀景觀結構中的潛力。
關鍵詞 ……
人類紀;區(qū)域主義;開采景觀;流的重組
Abstract ...
With the realities of ongoing urbanization, food and water scarcity, depleting energy resources and environmental degradation, regionalism is re-emerging as a critical framework to study the forces and actors that shape our contemporary landscapes. Within this context, this paper focuses on Reassembling Flows; the winning entry of a recent international design competition entitled "Transiting Cities — Low Carbon Futures (2012)"①. The project envisions a dynamic spatial arrangement of interconnected flows of industrial processes, ecological systems, and cultural networks. By visualizing and designing the various overlapping actors, loci and activities on a regional scale, Reassembling Flows capitalizes on currently discarded waste products and transforms them into valuable resources. Here, the emphasis shifts from designing fixed and hard infrastructures to strategic interventions that activate latent potentials of already existing landscape structures.
Key words ...
Anthropocene; Regionalism; Landscapes of Extraction; Reassembling Flows