中國后化石燃料時代的城市發(fā)展議程:關于轄區(qū)尺度的生態(tài)-高效城市與綠色基礎設施的新理念
A Post-fossil-fuel Urban Development Agenda for China:New Concepts of Eco-efficient City and Green Infrastructure at Precinct-Scale
作者:史蒂芬?萊曼、解洪興 Author: Steffen LEHMANN, Tonny XIE
摘要 ……
亞太地區(qū)最密集的城市化進程—其以不斷流動和增長的城市人口為特點—正在中國上演,這使得這個國家成為了一個有關高能效城市未來發(fā)展研究的有趣案例。本文討論了亞太地區(qū)的城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展,并將尋找未來城市化—尤其是中國的城市化—的替代資源和模式作為重點。
中國城市化進程預計將從2013年的53.7%上升到2030年的70%。本文為亞太地區(qū)的政策制定者指出了變革的必要性,以確定推動城市未來發(fā)展的新的方式,并鑒于中國目前的生態(tài)城市發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,制定出向“生態(tài)-高效城市”模式的轉(zhuǎn)變策略。城市轉(zhuǎn)型需要來自中央政府的策略導向與相關政策,以及在地方尺度中實施的試點項目與行動舉措。其目的在于在轄區(qū)尺度,整合綠色基礎設施的新理念,從而建立生產(chǎn)性景觀和高效城市。因此,對于大尺度的規(guī)劃和場地尺度設計來說,如何將能源效率融入到轉(zhuǎn)變的設計實踐都是非常重要的。
亞太地區(qū)快速的城市化進程很可能會繼續(xù)持續(xù)至少20年。然而,該地區(qū)的城市迫切需要一項能夠依據(jù)綠色都市主義的原則,將這些城市轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭沙掷m(xù)的生態(tài)城市的后化石燃料的城市發(fā)展議程。
關鍵詞 ……
城市化;后化石燃料城市;中國;生態(tài)-高效城市;空氣污染;城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展
Abstract ...
The most intensive urbanization process in the Asia-Pacific — characterized by a mobile and growing urban population — is currently happening in China, which makes this country an interesting case study for the future of energy-efficient cities. This article discusses sustainable urban development in the Asia-Pacific region and focuses on the need to find alternative resources and models for future urbanization, particularly in the case of China.
Urbanization in China is predicted to rise from 53.7 per cent in 2013 to 70 per cent in 2030. The article outlines the necessity for policy makers in the Asia-Pacific region to identify new ways to fuel future urban growth and highlights the complexities of making the paradigm shift towards ”eco-efficient cities” by considering what is being done with eco-city development in China. Urban transformation requires both strategic guidance and policies from the central government and pilot projects and actions implemented within municipalities. The aim is to build productive landscapes and highly-efficient cities that integrate new concepts of green infrastructure at precinct-scale. Therefore, how energy efficiency is integrated into transformed design practice is important for both large-scale planning and site-scale design.
Rapid urbanization in the Asia-Pacific is likely to continue for at least another two decades. However, the region’s cities urgently need a post-fossil-fuel urban development agenda, one that implements the principles of green urbanism to transform them into sustainable eco-cities.
Key words ...
Urbanization; Post-fossil-fuel Urban; China; Eco-efficient City; Air Pollution; Sustainable Urban Development
中國特色的建筑節(jié)能之路
The Road to Energy-smart Buildings with Chinese Characteristics
作者:江億 Author: Yi JIANG
摘要 ……
近年來持續(xù)高速的城市化進程和大量的基礎設施建設導致我國的能源消耗量不斷增加。本文中,作者首先介紹了我國能源消耗的總體情況以及建筑節(jié)能方面存在的誤區(qū);隨后提出了建筑節(jié)能的具體措施;最后指出只有營造與自然和諧的室內(nèi)環(huán)境,才能實現(xiàn)具有中國特色的、可持續(xù)性的建筑節(jié)能發(fā)展道路。
關鍵詞 ……
建筑節(jié)能;能效觀念;使用方式;節(jié)能途徑
Abstract ...
Speedy urbanization and massive infrastructure construction in recent years has lead to increasing energy consumption in China. In this text, the interviewee introduces the general state of energy consumption in China and misunderstandings about energy-smart buildings. Then specific proposals for energy conservation in architecture have been proposed. At last, the interviewee concludes that only the interior environments in harmony with nature can support sustainable development of energy-smart buildings with Chinese characteristics.
Key words ...
Building Energy Conservation; Energy Efficiency Concept; Operation Methods; Energy-saving Approaches
從能效城市到能效者——5A規(guī)劃途徑
From Energy-efficient Cities to Energy-efficient People — The Five A’s Planning Approach
作者:佩特拉?斯坦寧格 Author: Petra STIENINGER
摘要 ……
近年來,能源消耗不斷增長。反思我們的生活、工作和出行,我們往往傾向于選擇不可持續(xù)的、高能耗的方式,盡管知道這些方式并非最便宜、最快捷或最便利的方式。即便我們知道這樣的生活方式會破壞我們的環(huán)境、威脅我們的健康,并且具有導致重要資源瀕臨枯竭的風險,那么是什么原因使得我們依舊會選擇浪費而非節(jié)約能源?有5個主要的因素影響了我們對于生活、移動以及工作方式的決定,它們是關于選擇與技術的可用性、可負擔性、可達性、吸引力,以及意識。這5個根本原因是一種嶄新的規(guī)劃途徑的基礎。這一規(guī)劃途徑不僅旨在形成能效居住模式,而且在于形成能效的生活環(huán)境,通過改變?nèi)藗兊男袨槎_成能效的生活方式,即5A途徑。
關鍵詞 ……
能效;環(huán)境行為;可持續(xù)性;公共交通;可持續(xù)城市規(guī)劃
Abstract ...
Energy consumption has been increasing for years. Looking at the way we live, work, and move; we tend to choose the unsustainable and energy-intensive way despite knowing that it is not necessarily the cheapest, fastest, or more convenient way. What makes us waste energy versus conserve energy while knowing that with this lifestyle we destroy our environment, we threaten our health, and we risk running out of vital resources? There are five main factors that influence our decisions on how we live, move, and work. It is all about availability, affordability, accessibility, attractiveness, and awareness of options and technologies. These five root causes are the basis for a new planning approach that aims towards not only energy-efficient settlement patterns but also energy-efficient living environments that result in the change of people’s behavior towards energy efficient lifestyles — the Five A’s Approach.
Key words ...
Energy Efficiency; Environmental Behavior; Sustainability; Public Transit; Sustainable Urban Planning
低碳生態(tài)城市規(guī)劃方法
Eco-low Carbon Urban Planning Methodology
作者:馬克?休伊特 Author: Mark HEWLETT
摘要 ……
隨著對于新型城鎮(zhèn)化的不斷認識,我們迫切需要一種新的城市規(guī)劃方法。這種新的規(guī)劃方法需要將低碳生態(tài)視為首要和核心目標,并強調(diào)(技術、流程、概念上的)整合,理解地方文脈,在與自然和諧的宜人尺度上進行發(fā)展,營造場所感,并通過綠色信貸倡議推動經(jīng)濟的低碳生態(tài)發(fā)展。在這一背景下編制的《低碳生態(tài)城市規(guī)劃方法》是一種具有策略性和統(tǒng)領性的導則,其核心在于提供一種清晰的框架,一種實用的、步驟性的城市規(guī)劃方法。
關鍵詞 ……
低碳生態(tài);城市規(guī)劃;導則;新型城鎮(zhèn)化;中國
Abstract ...
There is an increasing realization that the new type of urbanization requires a new type of urban planning. The new type of urban planning puts eco-low carbon objectives front and center, with strong emphasis on integration (technical, process and conceptual), understanding local context, human scale development in harmony with nature, strong place making, and partnering to finance eco-low carbon development through green credit initiatives. In this context, the Eco-low Carbon Urban Planning Methodology is necessarily quite strategic and high-level. The core emphasis is on providing a clear framework and a practical, step by step approach.
Key words ...
Eco-low Carbon; Urban Planning; Methodology; New Urbanization; China
當?shù)吞寂c生態(tài)技術遇見景觀建造
Low-carbon and Ecological Techniques in Landscape Construction
作者:劉水 Author: Shui LIU
摘要 ……
本次訪談圍繞如何使低碳和生態(tài)技術滲透到景觀建造中的諸多具體問題,與中國生態(tài)修復和生態(tài)景觀建造的領軍企業(yè)——鐵漢生態(tài)進行了討論,旨在為景觀設計師提供可供借鑒的指導方針與切實的實踐措施。
關鍵詞 ……
低碳;生態(tài)技術;能效;景觀建造
Abstract ...
Shenzhen Techand is a leading ecological restoration and landscape construction company in China. We discuss low-carbon and ecological techniques for landscape construction in order to begin establishing a referential guide and practical measures for landscape architects.
Key words ...
Low-carbon; Ecological Technique; Energy Efficient; Landscape Construction
最佳實踐:中國南方地區(qū)首個被動式住宅
Best Practice: The First Residential Passive House in Southern China
作者:彼特?魯格 Author: Peter RUGE
摘要……
德國彼特?魯格建筑設計事務所專注于可持續(xù)的建筑和城市設計,在這一領域擁有20多年的豐富經(jīng)驗。2013年,事務所完成了位于中國南方地區(qū)的首個被動式住宅——“布魯克”。該項目位于浙江長興太湖附近,在與朗詩歐洲技術有限公司的建筑師和工程師團隊以及來自德國被動式房屋研究所的沃爾夫?qū)?菲斯特博士和工程師的合作之下,通過應用能夠改善建筑在運行過程中的性能的技術,設立了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的新標準,并成為了一個重要的里程碑式建筑。與中國傳統(tǒng)住宅建筑相比,“布魯克”能夠節(jié)省95%以上的能耗,成為擁有溫暖、潮濕氣候特點的中國南方地區(qū)被動式住宅的先行者。將被動式房屋標準引入中國住宅建筑市場,是可持續(xù)設計中的一項成功實踐,不僅能夠為人類的未來減少能源消耗,并且將對環(huán)境條件起到積極的改善作用。
關鍵詞……
被動式房屋;中國南方;住宅建筑;開創(chuàng)性建設;可持續(xù)設計方法;生態(tài)開發(fā)
Abstract ...
With over 20 years of experience in the field, Peter Ruge Architekten (Germany) focuses on sustainable architectural and urban design. In 2013, the firm completed their first Residential Passive House, BRUCK, in Southern China. The project is located in Changxing, Zhejiang Province, near Taihu Lake. Together with the architects and engineers from Landsea Europe, and in cooperation with Doctor Wolfgang Feist and engineers from the German Passivhaus Institute (PHI), it establishes new standards of sustainability through techniques that seek to improve the building’s operation over time and has achieved an important architectural milestone. With over 95 percent energy reduction over a conventional Chinese residential building, this is the first house of its kind to be realized in China's damp, warm, southern climate. The introduction of the Passive House standards to the Chinese housing market is an example of successful implementation of sustainable design that will considerably reduce energy consumption and improve environmental conditions in the future.
Key words ...
Passive House; Southern China; Residential Building; Pioneering Construction; Sustainable Design Methods; Ecological Development
為生活而設計
Design for Life
作者:常志剛 Author: Zhigang CHANG
摘要……
照明設計不僅僅在于提供光源,對空間表現(xiàn)、行為塑造都可以提供有價值的見解。本文概述了中國景觀照明的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀以及所存在的問題,并指出景觀照明的節(jié)能可通過產(chǎn)品節(jié)能、行為節(jié)能以及系統(tǒng)節(jié)能三種途徑來實現(xiàn),但同時指出,中國景觀節(jié)能水平的提高關鍵在于設計師理念的轉(zhuǎn)變。
關鍵詞……
景觀照明;公共藝術;節(jié)能;照明品質(zhì)
Abstract ...
Lighting design not only provides a light source, but also valuable insight into space, performance, and behavior. This interview concentrates the present state of landscape lighting design in China, and introduces energy conservation in landscape lighting includes installing products that are energy saving, changing behavior to reduce use, and implementing energy saving systems. But in order to improve the level of energy saving in China, the key is changing designers’ minds.
Key words ...
Landscape Lighting; Public Art; Energy Saving; Lighting Quality
生態(tài)景觀技術與藝術探索—廣東省東莞市萬科建研中心生態(tài)園區(qū)
Art and Eco-technology —Eco-campus of Vanke Architecture Research Center in Dongguan, Guangdong
作者:張?zhí)凭坝^ Author: Z+T STUDIO
摘要……
萬科建研中心生態(tài)園區(qū)項目旨在探索如何在景觀設計中將藝術與生態(tài)結(jié)合起來,使生態(tài)景觀成為可供欣賞、教育和參與的場所。我們希望探索出一套適宜于中國當前的技術與經(jīng)濟狀況的低能耗生態(tài)景觀設計手段,包括三個方面的核心內(nèi)容:預制混凝土模塊的研發(fā)與應用;景觀生態(tài)水循環(huán)處理系統(tǒng)的展示;景觀生態(tài)材料與設計手法的實驗與應用。
關鍵詞……
預制混凝土;雨洪管理;低成本;生態(tài)景觀
Abstract ...
The Vanke Architecture Research Center explores the relationship of art and ecology in landscape design, particularly the aesthetic, educational and participatory dimensions of eco-landscape. The center serves as an observational platform for the study of landscape methodologies that are compatible with current Chinese technology and economics. The project includes three core dimensions: the development and application of precast concrete modules, stormwater management demonstration systems, and experiment and application of environmentally friendly materials and design methods.
Key words ...
Precast concrete; Stormwater Management; Low-cost; Eco-landscape
紐約綠色循環(huán)堆肥中心
Green Loop, New York
作者:PRESENT建筑設計事務所 Author: PRESENT Architecture
摘要……
紐約市綠色循環(huán)堆肥中心是一項由10個濱水堆肥站組成的堆肥網(wǎng)絡計劃。每一個堆肥站都將配備位于路面的堆肥設施并在頂層設置一個高架公園,以為教育設施、街區(qū)花園和冬季越野滑雪等活動提供充足的空間。紐約市人均公共空間面積低于美國其他的主要城市。而綠色循環(huán)堆肥網(wǎng)絡計劃將緩解有機垃圾處理和缺乏綠色公共空間這兩個主要的城市問題。
關鍵詞……
堆肥公園;垃圾處理;清潔能源戰(zhàn)略
Abstract ...
The Green Loop is a proposal for a network of ten waterfront composting hubs in New York City. Each proposed Green Loop hub would consist of a composting facility at street level and an elevated public park on top, large enough to accommodate a range of activities from educational programs, neighbourhood gardens, and cross-country skiing in the winter. New York City has less open space per person than almost every other major city in the US. The Green Loop network alleviates two major urban problems: organic waste management and lack of green public space.
Key words ...
Composting Park; Waste Disposal; Clean Energy Strategy
荷蘭海牙A4能源森林景觀
A4 Energy Landscape in The Hague, the Netherlands
作者:DE URBANISTEN城市研究和設計工作室 Author: DE URBANISTEN
摘要……
在荷蘭海牙,一座可持續(xù)能源森林將沿A4高速公路應運而生。它由一座新的城市生態(tài)森林、一排風力渦輪機、一座藻類農(nóng)場和生物發(fā)電廠,以及一套利用廢熱的管道網(wǎng)絡(此管道網(wǎng)絡同時用作橫跨公路的自行車系統(tǒng))組成。這一項目為這條高速公路沿線未來的商業(yè)發(fā)展提供了肥沃的土地,并使之具有快速獲得投資收益的潛能。
關鍵詞……
能源景觀;新陳代謝;高速公路景觀;可持續(xù)性
Abstract ...
A landscape for sustainable energy production along the A4 highway in The Hague, the Netherlands is proposed. It consists of a new urban biomass forest, lines of wind turbines, an algae farm and biomass plant, a network of pipes to reuse waste heat and that provides an excellent bicycle structure to cross the highway. It provides fertile ground for future business development along this main infrastructure and is a no-regret investment because of immediate revenue possibilities.
Key words ...
Energy Landscape; Metabolism; Highway Landscape; Sustainability
香港零碳天地
ZCB Zero Carbon Building, Hong Kong
作者:呂元祥建筑師事務所 Author: Ronald Lu & Partners
摘要 ……
“零碳天地”是由香港建造業(yè)議會與香港政府合作完成的香港首座零碳建筑。項目占地面積14 800m2,主體為一棟建筑面積達3 300m2的三層建筑。零碳天地已面向公眾開放,它既是一個教育與研究中心,同時設有香港建造業(yè)議會的綠色辦公室、環(huán)保家居展示、多功能室等,并擁有香港首個市區(qū)鄉(xiāng)土林地和其他戶外綠化/活動空間。
關鍵詞 ……
零碳;環(huán)境;適應性設計;香港
Abstract ...
Construction Industry Council (CIC) of Hong Kong, in collaboration with the Government, has developed the first Zero Carbon Building (ZCB) in Hong Kong. The Site area is 14,800 m2 and there are 3,300 m2 in the three-storey building. Open to the public, ZCB is a visitor education and research center and houses a green office for CIC, a demonstration home for low carbon living, a multi-function room, the first urban native woodland of Hong Kong and other outdoor landscaped / event spaces.
Key words ...
Zero Carbon; Environment; Adaptive Design; Hong Kong
土耳其安卡拉市奧斯迪姆生態(tài)園技術開發(fā)區(qū)
Ostim Eco-park Technology Development Region in Ankara, Turkey
作者:ONZ建筑設計事務所 Author: ONZ Architects
摘要 ……
奧斯迪姆生態(tài)園位于土耳其安卡拉市的一個規(guī)劃工業(yè)區(qū),設計追求自然與發(fā)展之間的完美平衡,通過在臺地形綠色屋頂、動態(tài)照明系統(tǒng)、雨水收集及循環(huán)利用等方面采取的可持續(xù)措施,實現(xiàn)了對資源和開敞、健康的綠色空間的高效利用。
關鍵詞 ……
生態(tài)園;綠色屋頂;能源高效利用;可持續(xù)性;臺地建筑;多功能
Abstract ...
Ostim Eco-park is an organized industrial region located in Ankara, Turkey. The design strikes the perfect balance between nature and development with prioritizing efficient use of resources and spacious, healthy green environments through sustainable approaches in terraced green roofs, lighting, and rain water collection and reuse.
Key words ...
Eco-park; Green Roof; Energy Efficient Use; Sustainability; Terraced Building; Multi-function
法國電力集團檔案中心
EDF Archives Center, France
作者:LAN建筑設計事務所 Author: LAN Architecture
摘要 ……
新的法國電力集團檔案中心承載著這家公司的工業(yè)記憶,將成為其在布赫-索德龍地區(qū)長期存在的標志。本項目為這一地區(qū)帶來了積極的社會和環(huán)境影響。建筑完全融于景觀之中,并且達到了當?shù)丨h(huán)境質(zhì)量標準,這也是法國電力集團檔案中心建造策略中最基本的目標。
關鍵詞 ……
檔案中心;景觀;能源;自給自足
Abstract ...
The new EDF Archives Center houses the company’s records and is a symbol of the long-term presence of EDF in the Meuse and Haute Marne regions. The project has brought a positive social and environmental impact onto the region, and fully integrates the landscape to meet local environmental quality standards; a fundamental goal of EDF’s building strategy.
Key words ...
Archives Center; Landscape; Energy; Autonomy
河北省固安規(guī)劃展覽館景觀設計
Landscape Design of the Gu’an Planning Exhibition Hall, Hebei
作者:維思平建筑 Author: WSP ARCHITECTS
摘要 ……
固安規(guī)劃展覽館的建筑設計反映了固安的歷史文化和城市肌理。固安素有“柳編之鄉(xiāng)”的美譽,因此建筑材料通過模擬編織的紋理,喻意“編織未來城市之光”。景觀設計充分尊重建筑師簡約線條的設計理念及方法,通過鋪裝設計使建筑與周圍環(huán)境“編織”在一起,體現(xiàn)出固安獨特的歷史文化特色。
關鍵詞 ……
城市客廳;公共景觀;文化;院落
Abstract ...
The design of Gu’an’s new Planning Exhibition Hall showcases the region’s historic culture and urban texture. As Gu’an is known as the town of wickerwork, the architecture imitates the traditional weaving texture, while the landscape continues the architectural lines. The paving design knits the architecture and environment together, highlighting the uniqueness of Gu’an’s historical culture.
Key words ...
City Living Room; Public Landscape; Culture; Courtyard
重疊城市:再定義后化石時代的能源景觀
The Overlapped City: Redefining Energy Landscapes in the Post-fossil Era
作者:陳忱 Author: ChenCHEN
摘要 ……
縱觀人類文明的發(fā)展歷史,能源系統(tǒng)的改變向來伴隨著人類聚居景觀的根本性變革。在新能源時代,能源的生產(chǎn)與分配將會深刻地影響城市空間布局及其擴張蔓延的模式??稍偕茉吹牡湍芰棵芏群挽`活產(chǎn)能規(guī)模的特征,使如今幾乎是純粹能源消費者的城市面臨著在其范圍內(nèi)同時整合能源生產(chǎn)的挑戰(zhàn)與機遇。能源不僅應被理解為一個空間問題,同時也是一個生態(tài)問題。我們將面臨一場重新定義人類聚居與所處自然環(huán)境互動關系的革命。新的空間范式應該超越對技術進步的一味依賴而延展到政治、社會和文化等更為廣泛的層面。名為“重疊城市”的課題研究在三個尺度上展開,旨在探索后化石時代城市的形態(tài)及空間整合策略:重新定義城市邊界與城市組群(宏觀)、能源基礎設施的規(guī)劃框架(中觀)和一套新的城市空間規(guī)劃導則(微觀)(圖1)。
關鍵詞 ……
可再生能源;本地能源生產(chǎn);空間整合;以設計為指向的信息視覺化
Abstract ...
Throughout the history of human civilization, changes in energy systems have always led to fundamental transformations in the landscapes of human occupation. In the new era, the logic of energy production and distribution will start having a significant impact on the spatial organization of the urban growth. Given the low power-density and flexible scales of renewables, cities that so far have been solely energy consumers face both the challenge and the opportunity of accommodating energy production within their boundaries. Energy is not only a spatial project but would increasingly become an ecological project, revolutionizing deeply how we should redefine the interaction between inhabitation and environment in the future. New models should go beyond purely technical advances to embrace broader political, social and cultural dimensions. “The Overlapped City” explores the morphology and synergetic spatial strategies of resilient post-fossil cities across three scales: redefining urban boundaries and urban clusters, energy infrastructure framework and a new set of urban codes.
Key words ...
Renewable Energy; Local Energy Production; Spatial Synergy; Projective Representation
社會架構(gòu)與空間序列——曼谷班庫瓦社區(qū)
Social Fabric and Spatial Permutation — Ban Krua, Bangkok
作者:克里斯托夫?呂德爾 Author: Christoph LUEDER
摘要……
曼谷的班庫瓦社區(qū)位于鄰近國家體育場的塞桑運河沿岸。該社區(qū)因成功抵制政府計劃修建橫穿其中的高速公路,而在國際上引起反響。一系列學術研究將他們之前的成功或歸功于社區(qū)凝聚力推動下的非暴力不合作策略,或追溯至社區(qū)與泰國軍方和當局高級官員之間的淵源。但我們感興趣的是維系這一非凡凝聚力的存在于社會架構(gòu)之間的動態(tài)關系,以及由社區(qū)所催生并存在于其中的空間。建筑可以是自生自長的,并且通常會隨時間發(fā)生變化。在城市尺度上,社區(qū)中狹窄的巷道網(wǎng)絡是家庭空間的直接延伸——社區(qū)層面上的連通性以及由其所觸發(fā)的城市層面上的隔離性二者間的動態(tài)變化,共同塑造著這一連續(xù)的空間序列。
關鍵詞……
社會與空間結(jié)構(gòu);城市與本地關聯(lián)性;非正規(guī)都市主義;共享空間;邊緣化社區(qū)
Abstract ...
The community of Ban Krua has come to global attention through their successful resistance against a government proposal for a motorway that would have cut through their community on the banks of the Saen Saeb canal near Bangkok’s National Stadium. While academic studies attribute their erstwhile success either to the tactics of non-violent resistance sustained by community cohesion or to the communities’ longstanding ties with senior officials in the Thai military and bureaucracy, we were interested in the dynamic interrelationships between the social fabric that sustains this remarkable level of cohesion, and the spaces produced and inhabited by the community. Buildings are sometimes self-constructed and usually transformed over time; at the urban scale of the community the network of narrow alleyways is a direct extension of domestic space, subject to continuous permutation through dynamic processes of local connections triggering disconnection at urban level and vice versa.
Key words ...
Social and Spatial Structure; Urban and Local Connectivity; Informal Urbanism; Shared Space; Marginal Communities