中國防災(zāi)避險型城市綠地建設(shè)的思想形成與發(fā)展概況
The Development of Disaster Prevention Green Space in China
作者:李樹華 Author: Shuhua LI
摘要 ……
中國的防災(zāi)思想和防災(zāi)方式的不斷演變,從古代城市中兼具防火防洪功能的景觀,到當(dāng)代國家及地方法規(guī)的建立,防災(zāi)公園綠地作為城市防災(zāi)避險系統(tǒng)中重要的一個組成部分,其規(guī)劃建設(shè)應(yīng)該得到重視。本文回溯了中國城鎮(zhèn)綠地防災(zāi)避險思想的發(fā)展,并在此基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)了中國防災(zāi)避險綠地建設(shè)的策略。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
防災(zāi);城市綠地;法規(guī)
Abstract ...
Approaches to disaster prevention have changed over the generations in China. From an integration and appreciation of urban landscapes that doubled as fire and flood prevention strategies in ancient China, to new national and local legislation, planning and construction for disaster prevention and response should be better integrated in urban landscapes and city planning. This paper summarizes historic and contemporary strategies for better implementation of strategies for disaster response and prevention into urban green spaces in Chinese cities.
Key words ...
Disaster Prevention; Urban Green Space; Legislation
日本城市避災(zāi)公園體系概述
Disaster Refuge and Relief Urban Park System in Japan
作者:增田昇 Author: Noboru MASUDA
摘要 ……
本論文概述了日本公園避災(zāi)體系的建立歷程,以及避災(zāi)體系發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀和今后的展望?;?923年東京關(guān)東大地震的教訓(xùn),城市公園在避災(zāi)方面的重要性得以被廣泛認(rèn)識,從而設(shè)立了由廣域避難場所和避難通道構(gòu)成的防災(zāi)公園體系。1995年阪神淡路大地震發(fā)生后,城市公園作為災(zāi)害時重建、復(fù)興據(jù)點(diǎn)、物資中轉(zhuǎn)基地和城市街區(qū)火災(zāi)的避難點(diǎn),進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了日本現(xiàn)代的避災(zāi)公園體系形成,本文同時闡述了將避災(zāi)公園與周邊的城市街區(qū)進(jìn)行一體化規(guī)劃建設(shè)的必要性。最后,本文提出了對日本公園避災(zāi)體系的展望,指出僅針對避災(zāi)公園硬件性設(shè)施的改善具有一定的局限性,需要從景觀設(shè)計學(xué)的視點(diǎn)出發(fā),尋找綜合性解決途徑。包括對公園綠地平時的利用管理、對地區(qū)社區(qū)居民防災(zāi)意識的培養(yǎng)、“共助性”社會的形成,以及對于城市其他防災(zāi)設(shè)施的建設(shè)等。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
災(zāi)害;城市;避災(zāi)公園;日本
Abstract ...
This paper provides an overview of the establishment and history of the Japanese disaster refuge park system, the current state of the system, and planned future developments. Urban parks, as places of disaster refuge, have been significantly important, and recognized as such, since the Great Kanto Earthquake of Tokyo in 1923. In response to this earthquake, a system of shelters and escape route were established. The modern Japanese disaster refuge system is tied to the period following the Osaka-Kobe Earthquake in 1995. During this period, urban parks became the center of disaster reconstruction and renovation, transfer stations for rescue materials, and shelter from fire of urban blocks. Additionally, this paper elaborates on the necessity for integrated planning and construction of disaster refuge spaces in urban design, and speculates on future park developments. Finally, the paper offers a critique on the limitations of urban green spaces to also function as disaster refuge areas. Landscape Architecture can play an important role in disaster-prevention and response, daily park use, park management, and increased community awareness and social resiliency.
Key words ...
Disaster; Urban; Disaster Refuge and Relief Park; Japan
植物抗霾
Plant Use in Reduction of Atmospheric Haze
作者:李延明、李新宇 Author: Yanming LI, Xinyu LI
摘要 ……
“霾”是指大氣中細(xì)顆粒物濃度升高,而導(dǎo)致能見度下降的現(xiàn)象。本訪談介紹了治理霾的主要思路和措施,植物在消減PM2.5的機(jī)制,以及兩個相關(guān)研究課題—“應(yīng)對PM2.5空氣污染的北京造林工程關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究與示范”和“北京地區(qū)揚(yáng)塵抑制技術(shù)研發(fā)及示范應(yīng)用”—的最新研究進(jìn)展。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
氣象災(zāi)害;PM2.5;霾;植物
Abstract ...
“Haze” reduces visibility when fine air particles build up in the atmosphere. This interview introduces the main concepts and methods of measurement for haze control and the PM2.5 reduction mechanisms of plants. It also gives an overview of recent research progresses made, such as “Technology Development and Demonstration of PM2.5 Control in Beijing Forestation Projects” and “Technology Development and Demonstration Applications on Dust Pollution Prevention and Control in Beijing”.
Key words ...
Meteorological Disasters; PM2.5; Haze; Plants
調(diào)查與實(shí)驗:泰國朱拉隆功大學(xué)設(shè)計與建筑國際部之建筑課程介紹
Investigation and Experimentation: The Architecture Program at INDA, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
作者:波利雀雅?斯提潘 Author: Preechaya SITTIPUNT
摘要 ……
泰國朱拉隆功大學(xué)設(shè)計與建筑國際部(INDA)成立于2006年,在近年迅速發(fā)展,已成為東南亞地區(qū)最大且最成功的建筑院校之一。INDA關(guān)注于設(shè)計創(chuàng)新,使學(xué)生能夠為高水準(zhǔn)的國際建筑實(shí)踐打好基礎(chǔ)。本文探討了INDA項目中調(diào)查與實(shí)驗的過程,展示了設(shè)計營、游學(xué)考察和設(shè)計建造項目等活動如何來培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的國際視野。我們同時也設(shè)置了核心課程來幫助學(xué)生理解建筑與其他設(shè)計學(xué)科之間的關(guān)系,尤其是與景觀設(shè)計和城市設(shè)計之間的關(guān)系。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
INDA;朱拉隆功大學(xué);建筑課程;設(shè)計研討課程;研究
Abstract ...
“INDA” is the International Program in Architecture and Design at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. Since its first intake in 2006, INDA has quickly grown to be one of the largest and most successful architecture schools in Southeast Asia. With a focus on design innovation, the school aims to prepare its graduates for high-level international architectural practice. In this article we explore processes of investigation and experimentation that characterise the program at INDA, and show how activities such as workshops, traveling studios, and design build projects enable students to develop an international outlook. We also address ways in which the core curriculum helps students to understand the relationship between architecture and other design professions, especially landscape architecture and urban design.
Key words ...
INDA; Chulalongkorn University; Architecture Program; Design Studio; Research
新西蘭基督城過渡性紙板大教堂
Transitional Cardboard Cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand
作者:坂茂建筑設(shè)計事務(wù)所 Author: Shigeru Ban Architects
摘要 ……
2011年2月,新西蘭基督城經(jīng)歷了一場災(zāi)難性的地震。設(shè)計師坂茂利用紙管與集裝箱,建造了一座可容納700人的“紙板”教堂,并于2013年8月開放。其作為基督城的第一個震后建成公共建筑,在城市的復(fù)蘇中扮演了極為重要的角色。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
地震;教堂;過渡性;心靈慰藉
Abstract ...
In February, 2011, Christchurch experienced a devastating earthquake. The “Cardboard” Cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand, is the transitional cathedral built post the earthquake, and opened in August 2013. Designed by architect Shigeru Ban, the cathedral was formed with paper tubes and containers, and can provide seats for 700 people. It is the first public building to be completed post earthquakes and greatly benefit the city in its recovery.
Key words ...
Earthquake; Cathedral; Transitional; Spiritual Consolation
PINCH:云南省雙河村圖書館及社區(qū)中心
The PINCH: Library and Community Center in Shuanghe Village, Yunnan
作者:奧利維爾?歐特維爾、林君翰 Author: Olivier OTTEVAERE, John LIN
摘要……
PINCH項目所處的村莊在2012年的地震中被毀于一旦,這里急需一處可供社區(qū)居民使用的公共空間。盡管政府計劃建造一個公共廣場,但缺乏配套的景觀項目。PINCH項目在提供了從住宅直接進(jìn)入廣場的通道的同時,又可被視作一座圖書館,這里成為當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窬蹠膱鏊?,同時可供孩子們玩耍和閱讀。
關(guān)鍵詞……
地震;重建;社區(qū)活力;圖書館;木結(jié)構(gòu)
Abstract ...
A new library and community center, nicknamed the PINCH, and built after the Shuanghe Village was completely destroyed by an earthquake in 2012 demonstrates the need for community spaces and participatory design in post-disaster landscapes. As part of the rebuilding effort, the government built an open plaza, however it lacked program or activity. In response, the PINCH provides direct access from the houses to the public library and provides meeting spaces, play areas, and reading zones.
Key words ...
Earthquake; Reconstruction; Vitality of Community; Library; Timber Structure
青海省玉樹扎西科濕地公園防災(zāi)避險體系規(guī)劃設(shè)計
Disaster Prevention System Planning of Zhaxike Wetland Park in Yushu, Qinghai
作者:王程程、潘劍彬、李樹華 Author: Chengcheng WANG, Jianbin PAN, Shuhua LI
摘要……
青海省玉樹縣自古就是地震多發(fā)地。2010年玉樹地震發(fā)生后,大批受災(zāi)群眾等待家園的重建。在這期間,人們的基本生活需要維持,而扎西科濕地公園的建設(shè)則成為承載這些功能的良好載體。本文以此為契機(jī),采用理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的方法,對扎西科濕地公園防災(zāi)避險體系的規(guī)劃與構(gòu)建進(jìn)行了研究。
關(guān)鍵詞……
地震;防災(zāi)公園;平災(zāi)結(jié)合;設(shè)施活用;應(yīng)急避險;景觀設(shè)計
Abstract ...
Yushu County in Qinghai Province is geologically prone to earthquakes, and after the most recent Yushu Earthquake in 2010 a large number of people had to rebuild their homes. During this reconstruction period, subsistence needed to be maintained through landscape. Combining theory with practice, this essay focuses on the planning and construction of the Zhaxike Wetland Park disaster prevention system.
Key words ...
Earthquake; Disaster Prevention Park; Integrated Design of Normal and Earthquake; Disaster Facility; Emergency Hedge; Landscape Design
愛荷華州錫達(dá)拉皮茲市濱河總體規(guī)劃
Master Plan for Cedar Rapids Riverfront, Iowa
作者:Sasaki設(shè)計事務(wù)所 Author: Sasaki Associates, Inc
摘要……
愛荷華州錫達(dá)拉皮茲市在2008年遭遇一場大洪水侵襲,災(zāi)后Sasaki設(shè)計事務(wù)所為該市制定的濱河總體規(guī)劃成為城市與區(qū)域復(fù)興的載體。成千上萬的參與者對城市公園和休閑需求提出反饋意見,并最終形成綜合整體規(guī)劃,該規(guī)劃描繪了一幅引領(lǐng)錫達(dá)河沿岸未來數(shù)年投資決策的藍(lán)圖。
關(guān)鍵詞……
洪水;總體規(guī)劃;城市復(fù)興;濱河目的地
Abstract ...
Sasaki’s master plan for the Cedar Rapids Riverfront is a vehicle to revitalize the city and the region, which was devastated by a flood in 2008. Thousands of community participants gave feedback on the city’s parks and recreation needs, culminating in a comprehensive plan that provides a blueprint to guide decisions about investments along the Cedar River for years to come.
Key words ...
Flood; Master Plan; Urban Revitalization; Riverfront Destination
防御、延遲、儲存、排出—美國霍伯肯市綜合防洪策略
Resist, Delay, Store, Discharge — A Comprehensive Flood Strategy for Hoboken, USA
作者:大都會建筑事務(wù)所紐約辦公室 Author: OMA New York
摘要……
桑迪颶風(fēng)影響的區(qū)域—新澤西州的澤西市、霍伯肯市和威霍肯市—極易受到洪水和風(fēng)暴的影響。面對綜合的城市環(huán)境,一次解決一棟住房的解決方案毫無意義。我們需要一個意識到城市的密度、肌理的復(fù)雜性,顧及到多樣化的社區(qū)的每一個利益相關(guān)者,并且守護(hù)整座城市(包括其資產(chǎn)與公民)的綜合途徑。
關(guān)鍵詞……
颶風(fēng);桑迪;防洪策略;彈性
Abstract ...
Within the Sandy-affected region, New Jersey's communities of Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken are susceptible to both flash flood and storm surge. As integrated urban environments, discreet one-house-at-a-time solutions do not make sense. What is required is a comprehensive approach that acknowledges the density and complexity of the context, galvanizes a diverse community of beneficiaries, and defends the entire city, its assets and citizens.
Key words ...
Hurricane; Sandy; Flood Strategy; Resiliency
低影響開發(fā)績效評估:德克薩斯州康羅市易干旱景觀地下水涵養(yǎng)方案
Performance Evaluation of Low Impact Development: Groundwater Infiltration in a Drought Prone Landscape in Conroe, Texas
作者:蓋倫?紐曼、孫源敏、李明翰 Author: Galen NEWMAN, Won Min SOHN, Ming-Han LI
摘要……
由于地下水極度短缺,美國德克薩斯州正經(jīng)歷著嚴(yán)峻的水資源匱乏挑戰(zhàn),為了防止此情況繼續(xù)惡化,該項目對整合低影響開發(fā)的替代性設(shè)計方法予以了探討與研究。其采取的設(shè)計方法是通過対擬建的雨水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施可能帶來的環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)績效的衡量,來決定它的設(shè)計,包括其概念與項目安排。其重點(diǎn)在于盡量提升文化和水文系統(tǒng)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。
關(guān)鍵詞……
干旱;地下水;涵養(yǎng)
Abstract ...
Texas, USA is undergoing critical water challenges due to immense groundwater deficiencies. Alternative methods to integrating design with Low Impact Development need to be explored to stymie this condition. This projectapplies an approach to design whose concept / program is reinforced by projected environmental and economic performance measures of proposed stormwater infrastructure. The focus is to maximize the relationship between cultural and hydrological systems.
Key words ...
Drought; Groundwater; Infiltration
意大利薩利內(nèi)-喬尼徹濱水區(qū)重建
Reconstruction of Saline Joniche Waterfront, Italy
作者:艾拉尼聯(lián)合事務(wù)所 Author: Group Aranea
摘要 ……
薩利內(nèi)-喬尼徹是意大利南部墨西拿海峽綿延8km的沿海地區(qū),鄰近埃特納火山。薩利內(nèi)-喬尼徹?fù)碛胸S富的景觀資源,但卻飽受工業(yè)活動所造成的持續(xù)退化的影響。復(fù)原一種健康的環(huán)境平衡并創(chuàng)造一個新型的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的時機(jī)已經(jīng)到來。該項目的目標(biāo)是將薩內(nèi)利-喬尼徹轉(zhuǎn)化為可持續(xù)生態(tài)恢復(fù)及后工業(yè)利用的全球典范。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
濱水區(qū);工業(yè)遺產(chǎn);生態(tài);重建
Abstract ...
Saline Joniche is an 8 km long coastal area in southern Italy along the Messinastrait and near the Etna volcano. Saline Joniche is a rich landscape, but has suffered continuous degradations as a result of industrial activities. The time has arrived to restore a healthy environmental balance and create a renewed ecosystem. The goal of this project is to transform Saline Joniche into a global model for sustainable ecological restoration and post-industrial use.
Key words ...
Waterfront; Industry Heritage; Ecology; Reconstruction
北京市石景山區(qū)某中學(xué)1/2體育場
1/2 Stadium of A Middle School in Shijingshan District, Beijing
作者:高亦陶、顧云端 Author: Oscar KO, Yunduan GU
摘要 ……
1/2體育場改造項目位于北京西部的一所中學(xué)。我們通過一個非連續(xù)性的環(huán)形建筑將場地與功能匯總成統(tǒng)一但各自獨(dú)立的系統(tǒng),賦予了操場一個明確的建筑構(gòu)成意向,提升了操場的整體性。這種功能和規(guī)模的統(tǒng)一性,以及使用方法的差異性和獨(dú)特性,最終造就了一種新型的校園建筑類型—1/2體育場。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
體育館;環(huán)形建筑;學(xué)校;改造
Abstract ...
The 1/2 Stadium is located at a middle school in western Beijing. We used a discontinuous and circular architectural form in order to make the site a unique system, defining a clear architectural that strengthens the integrity of the design. This combination of uses and casual flexibility creates a new type of stadium model – the 1/2 Stadium.
Key words ...
Stadium; Circular Architectural Form; School; Re-design
移動的地表:哥倫比亞麥德林市的危險棲居點(diǎn)與地質(zhì)災(zāi)害
Shifting Ground: Precarious Settlements and Geological Hazard in Medellin, Colombia
作者:康納?奧西亞 Author: Conor O’SHEA
摘要 ……
21世紀(jì)初期,城市化日漸復(fù)雜多樣、范圍不斷擴(kuò)大、速度逐漸加快,設(shè)計師、城市規(guī)劃師和決策者等相關(guān)人士必須建立新的理論和方法論途徑。本文對景觀作為現(xiàn)代城市化理論闡釋的基礎(chǔ)框架進(jìn)行了論證,并通過對一篇關(guān)于麥德林阿布拉山谷泥石流造成的死亡風(fēng)險的設(shè)計報告進(jìn)行討論,提出了防御性的設(shè)計策略。在過去80年中,這些存在地質(zhì)危害的山坡已造成784名低收入居民死亡,2030年預(yù)計約有350 000名居民面臨危險。
“移動的地表”是位于麥德林市的行政、金融和技術(shù)大學(xué)的Urbam城市與環(huán)境研究中心,與哈佛大學(xué)設(shè)計學(xué)院社會機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)驗室共同開展的一個合作項目,該項目建議采用基于景觀的策略對城市化進(jìn)程進(jìn)行引導(dǎo),從而避免山谷地區(qū)更為嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)害出現(xiàn),與此同時亦可帶來新的經(jīng)濟(jì)體。在該項目中,景觀成為了研究和設(shè)計的框架,同時也將坡地的地質(zhì)構(gòu)成、區(qū)域水文、當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)和遷入坡地的居民均納入考慮范圍當(dāng)中。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
城市化;景觀基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施;設(shè)計研究;泥石流;侵蝕
Abstract ...
As the force field of urbanization grows in complexity, variety, scale, and rate in the early decades of the 21st century, designers, urbanists, and policy-makers alike must develop new theoretical and methodological approaches. This article demonstrates the use of landscape as a primary framework for theorizing contemporary urbanization and developing pre-emptive design strategies through a discussion of a design research report on the risk of death by landslide in Medellin’s Aburra Valley. Landslides in these geologically hazardous slopes have killed 784 low-income residents in the past 80 years, and by 2030 nearly 350,000 residents will be at risk.
Shifting Ground, a collaboration between the think-tank URBAM of Eafit University in Medellin and the Social Agency Lab of the Harvard Graduate School of Design, proposes landscape-based strategies for redirecting urbanization processes in order to avoid further disasters in the valley and simultaneously produce new economies. Landscape is used as a research and design framework and takes into account the geologic makeup of the slopes, regional hydrology, local economies, and the flow of settlers relocating to the slopes.
Key words ...
Urbanization; Landscape Infrastructure; Design Research; Landslide; Erosion
一個案例和一場展覽:黑色景觀及其他當(dāng)代景觀類型
Landscape Noir and other Contemporary Genres as Seen through One Case and One Exhibition
作者:亞當(dāng)?鮑貝特 Author: Adam BOBBETTE
摘要 ……
2006年,拉賓多公司開始在印尼東爪哇省小鎮(zhèn)徐圖利祖縣郊外進(jìn)行天然氣勘探鉆井。然而勘探活動引發(fā)泥火山噴發(fā)直至今日,造成幾千人移民他鄉(xiāng)且未獲賠償,村莊、工廠及農(nóng)田被淹。當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬坏貌幻鎸?zāi)害持續(xù)存在這一新的現(xiàn)實(shí),而政治界及政府當(dāng)局充斥著腐敗,設(shè)計師及其他專家卻使現(xiàn)實(shí)情況更加混亂。這一深入的案例研究與最近題為“應(yīng)急計劃:居于動土之上”的展覽有關(guān)。該展覽深入分析了類似的當(dāng)代景觀,我認(rèn)為如果以“黑色”及“謬誤的黑色喜劇”此類當(dāng)代景觀的角度來解讀,會獲得更多富有成效的理解。
關(guān)鍵詞 ……
黑色;黑色喜??;類型;應(yīng)急
Abstract ...
In 2006 Pt Lapindo Brantas began exploratory drilling for natural gas outside of Sidoarjo, a small town in East Java, Indonesia. Its activities created a mud volcano which continues to erupt today and has displaced thousands without compensation and submerged villages, factories and agricultural land. This disaster persists and has created a new reality for its residents where corruption rules politics and government and design specialists and other experts exacerbate it. This extended case study is then related to a recent exhibition Contingency Plans: Or, Living with Unstable Grounds which analyses in depth similar contemporary landscapes which I argue can be productively understood in terms of contemporary landscape genres of noir and dark comedy of errors.
Key words ...
Noir; Dark Comedy; Genre; Contingency