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俞孔堅?論重構社會與生態(tài)的基礎設施
——《景觀設計學》2014年第5期“主編寄語”
On Ecological and Social Infrastructures — Editorial of the No. 5 Issue for 2014, Landscape Architecture Frontiers
By Kongjian Yu
我常常感嘆于“看得見山,望得見水,記得住鄉(xiāng)愁”這句話的樸實與深刻。在我的理解中,這是渴望重構美好生態(tài)與社會的最得體的表述。
受金華市政府的邀請,2014年10月7日,我與我的團隊踏上了故鄉(xiāng)金華的土地,開展白沙溪治理和市域內多項規(guī)劃設計工作。金華市委書記徐加愛念我久別故土多年,特別安排了“省親”的節(jié)目,陪我一起走入古老的東俞村。這座偏僻的村莊頓時異常熱鬧,場景令人感動。在百年老宅的天井里,在弄堂的臺階上,在村口的平地上,在村中的廣場中,在家族的宗祠里,無論是那個曾經欺凌過我的大個子男孩,還是我暗戀無緣、見面紅臉的姑娘;無論是“文化大革命”期間迫害我父母的“積極分子”、剝奪過我上學權力的“貧管會”成員,還是在我父母受迫害時出手相助的恩人,這些故鄉(xiāng)的人啊,都伸出了熱情的手,眼里含著激動的淚花。正所謂相見一笑泯恩仇,濃濃的鄉(xiāng)情撲面而來。
我在思考,為什么30多年的離別,刻骨銘心的風雨跌宕,反而使這鄉(xiāng)情更加濃烈?這種人與人之間的歸屬感與認同感何以使恩情未泯?我想,是那共同望過的山,共同見過的水,共同的祖先祠堂,共同走過的弄堂、廣場和村門,還有共同躲過雨的亭子、納過涼的大樹……于是,在我的腦海里,便清晰地將我的鄉(xiāng)人與故土的景觀建立起了不可分割的聯系,它是一個網絡——一個空間和人的活動相疊加的景觀、社會及文化的體驗網絡。
我所體驗的東俞村的社會與生態(tài)基礎設施是美麗的,是1980年之前的,也是時常在我的夢境中出現的。村的北邊是婺江——金華的母親河,她自東而西,在蘭溪與衢江相會,匯入富春江而后進入錢塘江。其江面寬闊,兩岸沃野平疇,遠山起伏如畫,舟帆往來不斷,那是鄉(xiāng)民們每次去蘭溪或金華必經的擺渡河流;沙灘上有成群的水鳥,那是我與伙伴們放養(yǎng)水牛的地方;春汛時節(jié),沙灘被洪水淹沒,成群的鯉魚會躍入周邊的水潭和稻田,那正是村民們一起圍捕鯉魚的時節(jié)。而夏季干旱時,全村為了共同的命運,人人參與修建提水泵站和水渠。
作為婺江的重要支流,白沙溪發(fā)源自南部山區(qū)。這條山溪遍布深潭淺灘,河柳叢生,除春汛的少數幾日外,溪水在大部分時間里都異常清澈,陽光直透水底,魚蟹歷歷在目,那是全村人傍晚共同洗浴、兒童一起戲水的地方。自漢代以來,溪上筑有36道古堰,引出36條水渠,灌溉兩岸萬頃良田。每條水渠都是沿岸鄉(xiāng)民的生命線,對其的分配和使用有著人人遵守的公約;水渠將白沙溪水連同各種魚蟹引入村中,匯聚成村中的7個水塘,200來戶人家以水塘為中心,聚合成幾個各有特征的鄰里;這水塘是所有日常生活用水的來源,人們還經常借清淤之便,掏干水塘,收獲豐富的魚蟹和泥鰍,共同分享;水塘邊的大樟樹,濃蔭覆蓋,是白天集合出工,晚上聚會聊天,孩子們一起分享長輩們故事的地方……我想,正是這些曾經與村民共享的美麗的景觀,構成了我的鄉(xiāng)情的基礎;也正是那些不斷在夢中出現的景觀,使鄉(xiāng)情隨時間而日益深長。
也正因為如此,當我看見白沙溪被渠化、硬化,變得面目全非之后,我傷心;當我看見古老的石堰被水泥大壩和橡膠大壩所替代時,我痛心;當我看見河床里的柳樹被鏟掉,沙洲被掏毀,水潭被填平,魚鱉匿跡時,我悲嘆。而所有這些都是在“水利基礎設施”建設的名義下進行的。同樣的悲傷,是當我看到從白沙溪引入村中的水渠被垃圾淤塞,村中的7口水塘被填埋,村口池塘邊的大樟樹被伐去,村前的風水林被毀掉……而這一切是在建設“市政基礎設施”的名義和發(fā)展社會的名義下進行的。真正的基礎設施卻消失了,那就是作為鄉(xiāng)情紐帶的生態(tài)基礎設施和社會基礎設施——一個人人依賴的、人人以此為交流媒介,分享喜怒哀樂的景觀基礎。在這里,我把社會基礎設施廣義化為人們的體驗和分享環(huán)境,而把景觀理解為一種自然過程、生物過程和社會行為過程的關鍵性的空間格局,即生態(tài)基礎設施(景觀基礎設施)。
我的母親河——白沙溪,不是一條簡單的溪流,而是一個生態(tài)基礎設施,它為流域內的人民提供了不可或缺的供給、調節(jié)、生命承載和文化及審美啟智的服務;它也是一個社會基礎設施,它是流域內人人分享體驗的網絡,是那無限鄉(xiāng)情的載體。于是,我明白了應該如何去修復她:重構社會,也即重構生態(tài),應從恢復和構建生態(tài)基礎設施開始。
Few sayings have inspired me or come close to expressing the desire to rebuild society as a beautiful ecology as, "mountain inmy view, water in my sight, and home in my deep heart" (words by Chinese Central Government).
In October, I was invited to do a site investigation in Jinhua, my hometown. Jia’ai Xu, the parentlike city secretary, thoughtfully arranged a visit to the ancient Dongyu Village, my home village, where I was born and grew till I left for college in 1980. During my visit, the usually quiet village was vibrant and streets were packed with people. The scene was moving. Suddenly everything felt familiar: the courtyards of the ancient houses, the steps of the alleyways, the entrance ground in front of the village, the square in the village, and the ancestral hall of the family.... No matter who I ran across: the boy who bullied me, the girl on whom I had a crush, the "activist" who persecuted my parents during the Cultural Revolution, the member of "The Management Committee of the Poor and Lower-middle Peasants" who deprived my right of education, or the benefactors who helped my parents when they were suffering, welcomed me with tears in their eyes. I was filled with humility. The saying a "smile can melt away allies and enemies" could not of felt more true.
Since this trip, I have been thinking, what makes the nostalgia of home after 30 years away make you forget the ups and downs? How can belonging and self-identity live well beyond the friendships between people? Perhaps the answer is simple. We have viewed the same mountains, drank the same water, shared the same alleyways, walked the same roads, and been sheltered by the same trees. We are connected to the landscape beyond a place of mind; we have shared a feeling of the landscape. We are strongly connected by the network consisting of rich landscape, social, and cultural experience and memories. The social and ecological infrastructure of Dongyu Village was beautiful. It was there before the year of 1980, and appears in my dreams from time to time. To the north of the village is the Wujiang River — the mother river of Jinhua. The river meets the Qujiang River at Lanxi, flows into the Fuchunjiang and then Qiantangjiang River. The Wujiang River was wide and open and filled with dozens of boats. Mountains framed distant scenes. Waterfowl sat on the shoal, where my friends and I raised buffalos. During the spring floods, when the shoal disappeared and carps jumped from ponds to fields, the villagers would work collectively to catch the fish. During the dry summer, pumping stations and water channels supported the village.
Baishaxi Stream (the White Sand Creek) is a major tributary of the Wujiang River, originating from the southern mountain area, with willows and shallow pools. Except for several days in the spring flood season, the stream was visibly clear, and sunlight reaches all the way to where fish and crabs could be seen. The stream had long been a place to gather and play. During the Han Dynasty, 36 weirs were constructed on the stream and 36 channels were diverted to irrigate tens of thousands of agricultural fields. The channels became the lifeline for villagers, and through collective agreement they began to regulate distribution and usage. Channels brought the stream into the village, where it formed seven ponds. The village was made up of over 200 homes in several neighborhoods — each with a pond in the center. The ponds were not only a source of daily water use, but also provided aquaculture for the locals. The camphor trees provided shade around the ponds, and they naturally became places for daily gathering and night chatting. These beautiful landscapes that I have experienced, together with other villagers, is the foundation of my nostalgia and memory of landscape; these landscapes appear in my dreams and the nostalgia grows deeper and deeper throughout the years.
I therefore felt sad when I saw the Baishaxi Stream embanked and engineered. I felt sorrow when I saw the ancient weir being replaced by cemented and rubber dams. I felt grief when I saw the willows being removed from the waterbed, the shoal being destroyed, the ponds being filled, and the wildlife disappearing. Ironically, everything has been completed in the name of "Hydrological Infrastructure Development". I was at a loss when I saw that the channel diverted from the Baishaxi Stream was choked with trash, that the seven ponds in the village had been filled, the camphor tree near the village gate had been cut, and the forest in front of the village had been destroyed. All in the name of "Civil Infrastructure Development". In reality, real infrastructures — the ecological and social infrastructure, the landscape infrastructure that everyone relies on, and critical for natural process, biological process, social process, and ecological process — have disappeared.
My mother river, the Baishaxi Stream, is not a simple stream but an ecological infrastructure. It provides essential supplies, it carries of lives, culture, aesthetics, and enlightenments for people throughout the watershed. It is a social infrastructure, an experienced network, and a carrier for the endless memoires. All of these have inspired me the solution to rehabilitate her: Rebuilding society, as rebuilding ecology, should start with the rehabilitation and construction of these essential ecological infrastructures.