欲望、社會需求與景觀未來——《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2020年第6期

主編寄語

景觀滋養(yǎng)了人類的身體和心靈，連同人類的欲望—從生存和生理需求，到歸屬感與認(rèn)同感的獲得，再到自我價值的實(shí)現(xiàn)，也都應(yīng)景觀而生。

從脫離樹棲、以雙腳立于地面的第一天開始，人類便在生存欲望的驅(qū)使下，游獵于草原與森林的邊緣，垂涎著成群的食草動物，并時刻警惕著潛伏在高草中的猛獸；學(xué)習(xí)判別地形和地貌、原野上的石頭與草木走獸的益害；學(xué)習(xí)運(yùn)用感官尋覓伴侶，并尋找安全的棲居地，以滿足繁衍的欲望。進(jìn)化人類學(xué)和進(jìn)化美學(xué)認(rèn)為，正是生存和繁衍這兩大基本欲望，培育了人類對于景觀的感知和審美^[1]：與人類的生存欲望相關(guān)的景觀結(jié)構(gòu)和元素，成為喚起崇高的刺激；與人類繁衍欲望相關(guān)的景觀，成為喚起優(yōu)美的風(fēng)景^[2]。這當(dāng)然是高度簡化的景觀特征與人類情感的關(guān)系模式，而景觀也因此被賦予了意義：荒原上的一棵孤樹如同大海中的一個島嶼，便是生的希望；崖壁上的平地和山間的洞穴，承載著人類個體和群體的延續(xù)。

人類的欲望也造就了大地上的文化景觀。歷史的景觀是過往人類的欲望在大地上的烙印，現(xiàn)實(shí)的景觀便是當(dāng)今人類的欲望在大地上的耕耘。綿延的牧場、農(nóng)田及連片果園，都是人類欲望的展現(xiàn)，煙囪林立的工業(yè)區(qū)和不斷蔓延的城市更是人類欲望膨脹的寫照；無論是橫亙于山脊大漠之上的長城，還是穿鑿于黃河長江之間的大運(yùn)河，都是人類對自然征服欲的具現(xiàn)；無論是凡爾賽宮園林還是頤和園，都是法國王室和中國皇家統(tǒng)治欲望的展現(xiàn)；無論是古羅馬的凱旋門，還是第三帝國的勝利林蔭道，抑或是今天泛濫于中國城市的恢弘廣場和超大尺度的景觀大道，無不是城市決策者權(quán)利欲望的流露與宣示。

欲望是無止境的，因而人類對景觀的營造或改變存在著無節(jié)制的風(fēng)險，甚至?xí)砥茐?。從人類進(jìn)化和發(fā)展的歷史來看，人類并沒有約束自我欲望的基因，卻在追求欲望滿足的過程中不斷暴露出攫取、擴(kuò)張的貪婪本性—擁有財富和權(quán)力的權(quán)貴們的宮殿和園林無限制擴(kuò)大，以便收儲不斷膨脹和更新的欲望。技術(shù)進(jìn)步和工業(yè)化大生產(chǎn)在滿足資本家的財富野心的同時，也讓更多的人在欲望的驅(qū)使下，試圖更高效地攫取自然資源：農(nóng)田、工廠和城市因此不斷蔓延，農(nóng)藥、化肥因此被無節(jié)制地使用。這一切都致使人類唯一的家園面臨巨大危機(jī)：氣候變化、洪澇頻發(fā)、海平面上升，大地景觀正在經(jīng)歷劇變，人類或?qū)⒆陨砺裨嵩谟纳顪Y之中。如圣雄甘地所言：“地球上提供給我們的物質(zhì)財富足以滿足每個人的需求，但不足以滿足每個人的貪欲?！?sup>[3]

幸好，欲望是可以和自然和諧共生的。當(dāng)最基本的生理和安全需求得到保障以后，人類可以通過合理利用自然景觀的服務(wù)，而不是一味消耗自然資產(chǎn)，來滿足其他更高層次的需求。為了滿足對認(rèn)同和歸屬感的欲望，人們可以開采大量的石材，用盡人力物力，來建造高聳入云的紀(jì)念碑和宏大的廟宇，也可以在村口種植一片風(fēng)水林，立一根木柱，如同早年漢族先民在跨越千山萬水，從戰(zhàn)亂的中原大地來到南方山林中，在陌生的土地上尋求安身立命之所時所做的那樣。而當(dāng)他們在曠野上播下一粒種子、栽下一棵樹苗時，他們便在自然中留下了印記，這些生命不僅將成為他們與這方土地連結(jié)的象征，也將塑造其生于斯、長于斯的后代們的歸屬與認(rèn)同。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自我價值，人們可以像愚公移山那樣叩石墾壤，也可以在崖壁上用礦物顏料描繪秀美山川、奔騰的野馬和舞動的戀人—這便是藝術(shù)。對景觀的藝術(shù)性想象和再現(xiàn)，包括景觀的設(shè)計和創(chuàng)作，都可以最大限度地滿足人類的欲望：縹緲的海上仙山和高峻的昆侖仙境，都是人們對死亡的恐懼和對長生不老渴望的表達(dá)；陶淵明所描繪的武陵秘境是對安寧與和諧社會的期盼的流露；《溪山行旅圖》和網(wǎng)師園則承載了人們對遠(yuǎn)離塵世、遁跡山水之間的自由生活的向往。

正因?yàn)槿绱?，人類高層次的欲望可以在不破壞自然的前提下得到最大滿足，而這正是現(xiàn)代生態(tài)科學(xué)意義上的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，即景觀設(shè)計學(xué)中所稱的“景觀服務(wù)”。

^{Landscape nourishes not only human’s body and mind, but also human desires, from survival and physiological needs, to the sense of belonging and identity, and the self-actualization, all of which arise from landscapes.}

^{From the first day of standing on the ground with both feet—instead of arboreal inhabitation—human beings, driven by the desire for survival, hunted herbivores around the edge of grasslands and forests while protecting themselves from beasts hidden in the tall grass; they also learned to make best use of natural environment, knowing the uses and dangers of terrains and landforms, the rocks in the wilderness, and plants and wild animals, and to use body senses to find companions and safe places for inhabitation and reproduction. Evolutionary Anthropology and Evolutionary Aesthetics hold that human’s inherent desires for survival and reproduction shape our perception and aesthetics of landscapes[1]: The landscape structures and elements related to survival are the stimuli to sublimity, while those related to reproduction provoke the desire for beauty[2]. This is of course an extremely simplified interpretation on the relationship between landscapes and human emotions, where the landscape is meaningful: a lone tree on the barren, as “an island in the sea,” means the hope of life, and the flat ground on cliffs and the caves in the mountains symbolize the birth and reproduction of human beings.}

^{Human desires also influence the formation of cultural landscapes on the earth. The historical landscape is the imprints of human desires on the land, and the existing landscape traces the cultivation of human desires nowadays. The continuous pastures, farmlands, and orchards all manifest human desires; industrial areas and urban sprawls all mirror the human’s desire for material abundance; the Great Wall lying on the borders of ancient China and the Grand Canal contacting with the Yellow River and the Yangtze River illustrate human desire to control the nature; the Versailles Park and the Summer Palace display the desire for ruling of the French and Chinese royal families; the Triumphal Arches in ancient Rome, the Victory Avenue of the Third Reich (Siegesallee des III Reiches), or the enormous squares or the large-scale landscape avenues often found in today’s Chinese cities all accent the overweening desires of urban decision-makers.}

^{Desire is endless. Therefore, human’s unrestrained creation or alteration might cause irreversible damages on natural landscapes. The history of human evolution and development tells us that inherently human beings do not constrain their desires; rather, human beings’ greed keeps increasing in the process of satisfying desires. The wealthy and the powerful expand their palaces and gardens unlimitedly for new desires. Technological advance and large-scale industrial production not only satisfy capitalists’ growing desires for wealth, but also accelerate the exploitation on natural resources, resulting in continuous sprawls of farmlands, factories, and cities, and the reckless use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. All of these have caused the earth, the only homeland of mankind, to face severe crises such as climate change, frequent floods, rising sea levels, etc., and the landscape is undergoing dramatic changes—human beings may bury ourselves in the abyss of desire. As what Mahatma Gandhi once warned, “There is enough on earth for everybody’s need, but not for everyone’s greed.”[3]}

^{Fortunately, human desires can harmonize with nature. When the primary physiological and safety needs are met, humans can wisely utilize the services of natural landscapes—instead of immoderately consuming natural resources—to satisfy our higher-level needs. For the identity and the sense of belonging, humans build towering monuments and grand temples by extensively mining stones, which exhaust manpower and materials. Alternatively and wisely, this desire can be realized by simply planting a Fengshui forest, or erecting a wooden pillar at the gateway of the village where we live, just like what the early Han ancestors did when they fled from the war-torn Central Plains to the hilly and forested southern region. The seed they sowed, or the sapling they planted have linked them with the new land and the nature, and further become symbols of homeland to their descendants. For the self-actualization, one can move away hills by removing or flattening rocks and cliffs, or regard them as prototypes for art creation by depicting beautiful natural sceneries, galloping wild horses, and dancing lovers on with mineral pigments—this is art. The art of imagination and reproduction of landscapes, including the landscape design and landscape creation, can satisfy human desires in the greatest sense. In Chinese culture, such creations include the fairy tales of the misty Mount Penglai in the sea and the majestic Kunlun wonderland in the mountain, both expressing the fear for death and the desire for immortality; the Land of Peach Blossoms described by Tao Yuanming, representing an ideal society of harmony, tranquility, and peace; and the painting Travelers among Mountains and Streams, as well as the Master of the Nets Garden exactly illustrating the expectation of free life in nature away from the mortal world.}

^{In this sense, human’s high-level desires can help achieve the greatest satisfaction without destroying nature. This is precisely the ecosystem services in modern Ecology Sciences, or the landscape services in Landscape Architecture.}

^REFERENCES

^{[1]  Dutton, D. (2003). Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology. In J. Levinson (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.}

^{[2]  Burke, E. (1757). A philosophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful. Retrieved from https://www.bartleby.com/24/2/}

^{[3]  Sachs, J. D. (2011, March 2). The Earth provides enough to meet everyone’s needs. The National. Retrieved from https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/the-earth-provides-enough-to-meet-everyone-s-needs-1.426562}

主編寄語

欲望與景觀（俞孔堅）

論文

空間的欲望結(jié)構(gòu)——精神分析制圖理論敘事引介（言語，張曉萌，彭智凱，徐磊青）

中國城市老舊社區(qū)非正式綠地改造及其公眾感知研究（魏方，王宇卓，陳魯，劉育君）

新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情下居住區(qū)綠地對居民心理健康影響的實(shí)證研究（王志鵬，王薇）

策劃排斥與特權(quán)：作為新自由主義工具的歷史、遺產(chǎn)和自然（蘇珊·尼格拉·施奈德，喬治·E·托馬斯）

觀點(diǎn)與評論

設(shè)計的“為”與“不為”——圍繞幼兒游戲空間設(shè)計的思考（陳昭）

城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施韌性設(shè)計范式轉(zhuǎn)型探索（欒博，丁戎，王鑫，祝明建）

主題實(shí)踐

應(yīng)對人口流失的景觀設(shè)計改進(jìn)方法：以美國賓夕法尼亞州約翰斯敦的城市更新為例（蓋倫·紐曼，李潤貞，屈安怡，浦晨霞）

城市中的精神需求——東京孤獨(dú)樹洞計劃（蔡淦東，蔡明潔）

探索與過程

深遠(yuǎn)未來：2200，愛爾蘭與北愛爾蘭邊境的設(shè)計幻想（陳翔融，埃斯特羅·瑞格尼特）

合作更迭：沖繩軍事基地重整策略（黃曉昕）

【中文刊名】《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》——欲望、社會需求與景觀未來

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers · Human Desires, Social Demands, and Landscape Future

【作者】言語（YAN Yu），張曉萌（ZHANG Xiaomeng），彭智凱（PENG Zhikai）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】178頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2020年12月

【定價】58.00元

空間的欲望結(jié)構(gòu)——精神分析制圖理論敘事引介

The Graph of Desire of Space—A Narrative Introduction to Psychoanalytic Cartographies

作者：言語，言語，張曉萌，彭智凱，徐磊青  YAN Yu, ZHANG Xiaomeng, PENG Zhikai, XU Leiqing

摘要

與主體性有關(guān)的欲望分析是精神分析學(xué)科的專業(yè)所在，而精神分析理論也得到設(shè)計批評理論界的頻繁援引，卻很少有專門引介的著作。通過梳理精神分析與其后發(fā)展出的精神分裂分析之圖形工具歷史，與設(shè)計理論的發(fā)展進(jìn)行的互文性對應(yīng)，指出其哲學(xué)淵源和精神分析制圖對新理論形成的助益：精神分析、精神分裂分析與設(shè)計批評的學(xué)科交叉經(jīng)歷了4個階段（也是其4個基本應(yīng)用分類），分別是：文藝批評的隱喻元素階段、存在論的討論工具階段、系統(tǒng)生態(tài)的系譜學(xué)敘事工具階段，以及跨學(xué)科聯(lián)結(jié)的平臺階段。精神分析制圖所經(jīng)歷的二元到多元、從“鏡像”的再現(xiàn)到“話語基礎(chǔ)平臺”的過程暗合了學(xué)科批評范式的發(fā)展史。這其實(shí)是20世紀(jì)下半葉哲學(xué)理論發(fā)展的一個縮影，作為其中一部分的設(shè)計理論也受到了影響—以欲望結(jié)構(gòu)分析城市與建筑理論，作為“文本的文本分析”。最后，本文指出精神分析制圖、精神分裂分析制圖在推動設(shè)計學(xué)科理論上的可能方向。

關(guān)鍵詞：設(shè)計批評；藝術(shù)批評；話語分析；精神分析制圖；精神分裂分析制圖；欲望；敘事；元模型

^Abstract

^{The analysis of desire related to subjectivity is one of the subjects of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis theory is frequently cited by the theorists of design criticism, but there are few works introducing the cartographic tools used in psychoanalysis and the later developed schizoanalysis. This paper makes an intertextual correspondence between the developments of design theory and psychoanalytic cartographies, and proposes its philosophically diagnostic essence and the theoretical promotion from psychoanalysis. It is concluded that the interdisciplinary influence between psychoanalysis or schizoanalysis and design criticism has witnessed over 4 stages—which are also the primary application categories of psychoanalysis and schizoanalysis—including: 1) metaphors in literary criticisms; 2) analytical tools in ontology; 3) genealogical narrative tools in ecology of systems; and 4) synthesis operators for interdisciplinary research. The process from dualism to pluralism and the process from metaphorical representation of mirror to interdisciplinary synthesis operator experienced by psychoanalytic cartographies are consistent with the history of professional discourse and criticism paradigm development, and in fact are an epitome of philosophical theory in the second half of the 20th century. The design theory is also a part of the shift, so the graph of desire could be a way to represent the very discourse of critical history and relevant text. Lastly, possible applications of psychoanalytical and schizoanalytic cartographies in the design theory discourse are proposed.}

^{Keywords：Design Criticism; Art Criticism; Discourse Analysis; Psychoanalytic Cartographies; Schizoanalytic Cartographies; Desire; Narrative; Meta-Model}

中國城市老舊社區(qū)非正式綠地改造及其公眾感知研究

Renovation of Informal Green Spaces in Old Urban Residential Communities in Chinese Cities and Related Public Perception Investigation

作者：魏方，王宇卓，陳魯，劉育君  WEI Fang, WANG Yuzhuo, CHEN Lu, LIU Yujun

摘要

當(dāng)前，低密度的大型城市綠地難以滿足城市居民尤其是老舊社區(qū)居民的便捷需求和共享需求，而觸手可及的非正式綠地（IGS）作為一種新型城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，有助于城市實(shí)現(xiàn)共建、共治、共享的美好愿景。本研究選取了包含北京地區(qū)典型老舊社區(qū)的北太平莊街道，以場地實(shí)景與虛擬改造場景相結(jié)合的方式，分析了居民對IGS的看法、評價及治理意愿，以及影響居民改造偏好、活動偏好及積極-消極感知的多種景觀要素。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，大部分居民對所在社區(qū)中的IGS的使用現(xiàn)狀及其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)有所了解，且對IGS在社區(qū)中的改造有較強(qiáng)的共治意愿；居民對改造后IGS的偏好與場景空間變量顯著相關(guān)—植物物種豐富度高、樹冠覆蓋率大、游憩型設(shè)施完善的綠地更受居民青睞。因此，合理控制植物種類、綠地率，恰當(dāng)選擇建植方式、設(shè)施類型將有效提升居民的積極感知。最后，本文提出了在該研究基礎(chǔ)上展開后續(xù)相關(guān)研究的可能方向，以期為城市公眾生活環(huán)境的優(yōu)化提供更具針對性的建設(shè)依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：非正式綠地；老舊社區(qū)改造；新型綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；景觀感知；社區(qū)治理；活動偏好

^Abstract

^{Existing large-scale urban green spaces in a low distribution density can hardly meet citizens’ diverse and growing needs for convenient access and sharing modes, especially to those living in old communities. Compared with formal green spaces, informal green space (IGS) is a new urban green infrastructure contributing to the city’s co-construction, co-governance, and co-sharing. This study was conducted based on a typical old residential community in the historic city center of Beijing, namely Beitaipingzhuang Neighborhood, acquired residents’ opinions, evaluation, and willing to participate in IGS governance, and investigated their preference of IGS renovation, activity, and the positive / negative perception of IGS scenarios through virtual renovation proposals upon the real scenes. According to the survey result, most residents have been aware of the existing IGS in communities as well as the advantages and disadvantages, and shown their support to IGS co-governance; residents’ preference of IGS renovation scenarios is significantly affected by environmental factors—residents prefer the green spaces with a higher plant richness, a larger crown size, and a more complete leisure facility system. Therefore, residents’ positive perception can be enhanced through enriching plant species, adjusting green space ratio, and introducing proper planting patterns and facility types. Finally, the authors put forward several research interests for following up so as to provide targeted guidelines for the optimization of urban living environment.}

^{Keywords：Informal Green Space; Old Residential Community Renewal; New Green Infrastructure; Landscape Perception; Community Governance; Activity Preference}

新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情下居住區(qū)綠地對居民心理健康影響的實(shí)證研究

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Green Spaces in Residential Areas on the Mental Health of Residents under COVID-19

作者：王志鵬，王薇  WANG Zhipeng, WANG Wei

摘要

居住區(qū)綠地作為城市居民接觸頻率較高的城市綠地類型之一，對居民的心理健康具有積極作用。為了解居住區(qū)綠地在2020年新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情期間對居民心理健康的影響，本研究于2020年3月以中國安徽省合肥市政務(wù)文化新區(qū)內(nèi)15個居住區(qū)的556名住戶為樣本，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)問卷調(diào)查獲取住戶社會人口特征信息，采用凱斯勒心理困擾量表（K10量表）評估居民心理健康狀況，使用GIMP網(wǎng)格法量化并計算住戶窗外的居住區(qū)綠地綠視率，并運(yùn)用多元線性回歸模型分析居住區(qū)綠地與居民心理健康的關(guān)系。研究結(jié)果顯示，居住區(qū)的綠化覆蓋率、綠地景色滿意度、窗外居住區(qū)綠地綠視率，以及每日觀看綠地時長對居民心理健康狀況具有正向影響效應(yīng)。研究揭示了疫情背景下居住區(qū)綠地促進(jìn)人群心理健康的效益，可為未來景觀設(shè)計行業(yè)的城市綠地建設(shè)提供理論依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：新冠肺炎；居住區(qū)綠地；綠地福祉；心理健康；綠視率；綠化覆蓋率；綠地滿意度；綠視時長；K10量表

^Abstract

^{As one of the frequently used green spaces of urban residents, residential green spaces have a positive effect on people’s mental health status. In order to understand the impact of residential green spaces on citizens’ mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic, this study collected the sociodemographic data of 556 residents from 15 residential communities in Hefei New Municipal and Culture District, Anhui Province, China in March, 2020 through online questionnaires, then adopted the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10 Scale) to evaluate the residents’ mental health status, and used GIMP Grid to quantify the green view index of residential green spaces outside the windows. Besides, a multiple linear regression model was used to explore the correlations between residential green spaces and residents’ mental health status. The findings show that green coverage ratio, satisfaction of the landscapes of green space, green view index outside the window, and green viewing duration of the residential green spaces have positive effects on residents’ mental health status. The study verifies the benefits of residential green spaces to promoting resident’s mental health status under COVID-19, providing a scientific guidance for the future practice of urban construction.}

^{Keywords：COVID-19; Residential Green Spaces; Green Spaces Welfare; Mental Health; Green View Index; Green Coverage Ratio; Green Space Satisfaction; Green Viewing Duration; K10 Scale}

策劃排斥與特權(quán)：作為新自由主義工具的歷史、遺產(chǎn)和自然

Curating Exclusion and Privilege: History, Heritage, and Nature as Neoliberal Tools

作者：蘇珊·尼格拉·施奈德，喬治·E·托馬斯  Susan Nigra SNYDER, George E. THOMAS

摘要

20世紀(jì)初，分區(qū)制土地管理、限制性契約、房契約束，以及由美國聯(lián)邦政府資助的、用于指導(dǎo)銀行貸款的房地產(chǎn)地圖數(shù)據(jù)等都不同程度地固化了種族隔離的空間格局，割裂了白人與黑裔、亞裔及其他非盎格魯裔種族，房產(chǎn)所有者與租戶，以及獨(dú)棟住宅與多戶住宅。盡管這些體系公然呈現(xiàn)的種族偏見不為當(dāng)今社會所容，但它們隱含的意圖卻被掩蓋了更深層次歧視的新興工具所加強(qiáng)。本文批判性地探究了歷史遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、開放空間的地役權(quán)與耕地保護(hù)實(shí)踐之間的關(guān)系，以揭示這些制度是如何在美國土地利用實(shí)踐中支持種族和社會歧視的。現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)資料認(rèn)為，這些實(shí)踐所保護(hù)的歷史、自然與農(nóng)業(yè)對文化、環(huán)境和公眾具有積極影響。但針對其潛在動因的探究亦揭示了上述目標(biāo)是如何通過限制性手段實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這些手段利用開發(fā)管制及某些歧視性社會準(zhǔn)則的建立與維護(hù)，強(qiáng)化了對特定群體的排斥或特權(quán)保護(hù)?；谖墨I(xiàn)分析，本文以美國南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓市和賓夕法尼亞州費(fèi)城為例，查證了歷史遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)作為種族排斥手段的起源，以及歷史街區(qū)是如何演化成士紳化白人社區(qū)的。另外，研究從耕地保護(hù)和開放空間地役權(quán)兩個層面，分別選取位于紐約大都會區(qū)的兩個研究案例—新澤西州米德爾塞克斯縣克蘭伯里鎮(zhèn)和紐約州韋斯切斯特縣貝德福德鎮(zhèn)—來探究歷史遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)如何限制平價住房開發(fā)，揭露了排斥與特權(quán)飛地產(chǎn)生的過程。本文進(jìn)一步論證了這些手段如何將歷史與景觀商業(yè)化，使其作為可交易的實(shí)體，推動當(dāng)今財富至上的新自由主義環(huán)境的構(gòu)建。

關(guān)鍵詞: 種族排斥；歷史遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)；耕地保護(hù)；財產(chǎn)地役權(quán)；新自由主義；社會公平

^Abstract

^{In the early 20th century, zoning, restrictive covenants, deed restrictions, and federally-sponsored real estate maps that directed bank loans operated at multiple levels to perpetuate spatial patterns that separated whites from Blacks, Asians, and other non-Anglo ethnics; homeowners from renters; and single-family dwellings from multi-family units. The obvious overtly racial biases of those systems are socially unacceptable today but their underlying purposes have since been augmented by new tools that mask further discrimination. This article presents a critical examination of the relationship between historic preservation, open space easements, and farmland preservation practices to reveal how these regulations support racial and social discrimination in American land-use practices. Existing literature presumes that history, nature, and farming, preserved by these practices are cultural, environmental, and public positives. An examination of the underlying forces shows how these goals are achieved by restrictive instruments that create exclusion and protect privilege by controlling development and establishing and maintaining social norms that exclude certain groups while welcoming others. Using documentary evidence, this paper establishes historic preservation’s origins as an instrument of racial and ethnic exclusion in Charleston, South Carolina and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania of the United States, and the subsequent evolution of historic districts into gentrified, white neighborhoods. Two case studies in the New York metropolitan area, chosen for their use of historic preservation with farmland preservation (Cranbury Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey), and historic preservation with open space easements (Town of Bedford, Westchester County, New York) as resistance to affordable residential development, demonstrate how enclaves of exclusion and privilege were created. This article further establishes how these tools commodify history and landscapes into transactional entities that attain value in today’s neoliberal wealth-focused environment.}

^{Keywords：Exclusion; Historic Preservation; Farmland Preservation; Property Easements; Neoliberalism; Social Justice}

設(shè)計的“為”與“不為”——圍繞幼兒游戲空間設(shè)計的思考

Design to Not Design—Thoughts on The Design of Playing Spaces for Young Children

作者：陳昭  CHEN Zhao

摘要

設(shè)計師與使用者之間的博弈是典型的設(shè)計內(nèi)在張力，如何平衡這一矛盾是所有設(shè)計共通的課題。因作為實(shí)際使用者的兒童長期處于被代言的狀態(tài)，兒童設(shè)計中內(nèi)在張力的平衡問題則更為復(fù)雜。這要求設(shè)計師在平衡自身表現(xiàn)欲與社會需求的同時，還需要反思兒童需求被代言背后的集體無意識。本文有意選取與學(xué)習(xí)“相對立”的“游戲”入手，以幼兒游戲空間設(shè)計為切入點(diǎn)，借鑒發(fā)展心理學(xué)和人類學(xué)的相關(guān)研究，討論設(shè)計中內(nèi)在張力的平衡問題。本文試圖通過探討兒童“為何游戲”和“如何游戲”這兩個基本議題，揭示幼兒心理發(fā)展中游戲的作用及此階段游戲的機(jī)制，提出設(shè)計“無為”的重要性。最后以“育先于教”為設(shè)計理念的日本COBY育兒園設(shè)計做延伸討論，為兒童游戲空間的設(shè)計提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：設(shè)計內(nèi)在張力；幼兒心理；游戲；人格發(fā)展；人類學(xué)；松散材料

^Abstract

^{To all kinds of design, the negotiation between the expression of designers’ idea and the representation of users’ desire is a typical internal tension of design. Particularly, the balancing of the internal tension of the design for children requires sophisticated solutions, because the needs of the actual users are often (mis-)represented by the desire of their parents. Therefore, in addition to satisfying social needs, the designers should also recognize the collective unconsciousness of adults who express on behalf of children. Taking the studies in Developmental Psychology and Anthropology as reference, this article focuses on playing, instead of knowledge acquisition, and discusses the balancing of the internal tension of the design of playing spaces for children, especially for the preschoolers. This article aims at revealing the role of games to children’s psychological and intelligence growth, as well as their game playing mechanism, by answering two questions: why do children play games and how do they play? By illustrating a case study on the playground design of the COBY Preschool in Japan, the proposed concept of “design to not design” is expected to inspire the design of children’s playing spaces.}

^{Keywords：Internal Tension of Design; Psychology of Children; Game; Personality Development; Anthropology; Loose Parts}

城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施韌性設(shè)計范式轉(zhuǎn)型探索

Exploration of Resilient Design Paradigm of Urban Green Infrastructure

作者：欒博，丁戎，王鑫，祝明建  LUAN Bo, DING Rong, WANG Xin, ZHU Mingjian

摘要

城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是支撐基于自然的韌性城市的重要結(jié)構(gòu)，目前普遍采用的以確定性控制為導(dǎo)向的傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計范式不利于促進(jìn)城市韌性，綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施設(shè)計范式亟待轉(zhuǎn)型。本文基于文獻(xiàn)研究，圍繞韌性設(shè)計范式展開探討。首先，提出城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的韌性作用框架，為設(shè)計范式轉(zhuǎn)型提供基礎(chǔ)共識；其次，歸納韌性驅(qū)動機(jī)制，為構(gòu)建韌性設(shè)計范式提供關(guān)鍵依據(jù)；最后，基于適應(yīng)性途徑建立韌性設(shè)計范式，提出全過程動態(tài)循環(huán)模型，為城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施動態(tài)優(yōu)化配置提供方法支撐。本文所提出的韌性設(shè)計范式的建立涉及思維觀念、設(shè)計流程、項目管理、工程質(zhì)量驗(yàn)收等方面，更需要設(shè)計師、工程師、研究者、決策者及公眾的多方努力。本文可為高績效城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)提供指導(dǎo)，對推動韌性城市理論發(fā)展和景觀設(shè)計韌性范式轉(zhuǎn)型具有借鑒價值。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；城市韌性；韌性設(shè)計；適應(yīng)性設(shè)計；不確定性；基于自然的解決方案；動態(tài)優(yōu)化

^Abstract

^{Urban green infrastructure is a fundamental physical structure that supports the construction of resilient cities based on nature. Currently, the conventional design paradigm oriented by deterministic control is not conducive to promoting urban resilience, and the design paradigm of green infrastructure is in urgent need of transformation. Based on literature review, this article discusses the establishment of resilient design paradigm: first, it proposes the common ground of the resilient design paradigm by establishing a framework for the resilience mechanism of urban green infrastructure; then it summarizes the resilience driving mechanism to provide the key basis for the resilience design paradigm; and finally, this article devises the resilient design paradigm based on adaptive approaches and proposes the whole-process dynamic cyclic model to guide the configuration optimization of urban green infrastructure. The establishment of the design paradigm relies on the shift in mindset, concept, design procedure, project management, quality inspection, etc., which requires the joint efforts by designers, engineers, researchers, decision makers, and the public. This article is expected to provide references not only to the construction of green infrastructure to support the high-performance of urban resilience, but also to the theory development of resilient city and the resilient design paradigm of landscape design.}

^{Keywords：Green Infrastructure; Urban Resilience; Resilient Design; Adaptive Design; Uncertainty; Nature-Based Solution; Dynamic Optimization}

應(yīng)對人口流失的景觀設(shè)計改進(jìn)方法：以美國賓夕法尼亞州約翰斯敦的城市更新為例

Design for the Depopulating Landscape: A Retrofit Approach to Urban Regeneration in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, USA

作者：蓋倫·紐曼，李潤貞，屈安怡，浦晨霞  Galen NEWMAN, Ryun Jung LEE, QU Anyi, PU Chenxia

摘要

在過去50年里，世界范圍內(nèi)有370座大城市的人口縮減了至少10%。賓夕法尼亞州約翰斯敦的收縮速度位居全美第三，人口減少使這座深受去工業(yè)化影響的城市面臨嚴(yán)重衰退，社會亂象頻發(fā)，居民生活質(zhì)量下降。本項目提出了一個針對收縮型城市的城市設(shè)計框架，即將永久性功能布局于高開發(fā)潛力區(qū)域，臨時性功能則安排在衰退區(qū)域，待未來城市恢復(fù)活力后，開發(fā)活動也將隨之興起。項目通過利用地理信息系統(tǒng)建立的加權(quán)疊加模型評估約翰斯敦不同區(qū)域的衰退威脅等級，從中選出4個場地為其分別制定策略，為空置／廢棄物業(yè)賦予新功能以回應(yīng)居民的期望和需求，從而形成為各場地量身定制的總體規(guī)劃。相較于投入高、見效快的開發(fā)激勵措施，這種規(guī)劃方法更注重培育經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的多樣性，以期為城市創(chuàng)造新的長期經(jīng)濟(jì)增長點(diǎn)，并引發(fā)生活方式變革，同時也為推動收縮型城市的社會公平與公正提供了一種路徑，豐富了城市更新規(guī)劃中社會維度的內(nèi)容。

關(guān)鍵詞：城市衰退；城市人口流失；城市更新；適宜性建模；城市收縮

^Abstract

^{Over the last 50 years, 370 large cities worldwide have severely depopulated, or shrunk, by at least 10%. Johnstown, Pennsylvania, is the third fastest U.S. shrinking city. Primarily a victim of deindustrialization, Johnstown faces severe decline issues related to depopulation, including social disorder and lowered quality of life. This project develops a framework for urban design for shrinking cities, integrating permanent functions into high development potential areas but temporary functions into declining areas. This approach allows for future development to occur through time as the city recovers. Using a GIS-based weighted overlay model to assess the threat level of decline, 4 sites were identified and strategies for each were developed. Master plans to retrofit new functions integrating residents' desire and demands into vacant / abandoned properties were then generated for each site. Rather than chasing hefty attempted quick-hitting developmental incentives, this approach will bring new long-term economic engines and lifestyles to the city due to a diversity in the economic base; it also pays attention to the social dimension of urban regeneration by providing a structured way to promoting social justice and equity in shrinking cities.}

^{Keywords：Urban Decline; Urban Depopulation; Urban Regeneration; Suitability Modeling; Urban Shrinkage}

城市中的精神需求——東京孤獨(dú)樹洞計劃

Urban Mental Desire—Tokyo Loneliness Tree Hole Plan

作者：蔡淦東，蔡明潔  CAI Gandong, CAI Mingjie

摘要

當(dāng)下城市環(huán)境建設(shè)中對公共健康的關(guān)注多集中于生理健康，對精神健康則缺乏系統(tǒng)性與針對性的關(guān)注。本文提出從城市公共空間系統(tǒng)入手，透過特定受眾群體的選取以及對他們在城市中的精神需求分析，探索以空間設(shè)計促進(jìn)城市精神健康的新可能?！皷|京孤獨(dú)樹洞計劃”以健康本源論為理論基礎(chǔ)，提出重新思考并塑造對孤獨(dú)的積極認(rèn)知，以此確立應(yīng)對城市孤獨(dú)的設(shè)計方針。概念方案運(yùn)用基于情景的研究方法，以“都市樹洞”作為一種系統(tǒng)性設(shè)計策略，構(gòu)建“精神基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”網(wǎng)絡(luò)，為城市孤獨(dú)者提供與自我、與空間、與孤獨(dú)共處的機(jī)會。作為城市新型公共空間，“都市樹洞”同時具備公共性與私密性，以東方設(shè)計美學(xué)創(chuàng)造自然景觀與人之間關(guān)于孤獨(dú)的共情，實(shí)現(xiàn)對城市群體孤獨(dú)感的緩解和精神需求的回應(yīng)。項目通過“私人公共空間”的概念探討將“一人公園”作為一種未來景觀形式的可行性，有望滿足后疫情時代公眾對公共空間使用的新需求。

關(guān)鍵詞：城市公共空間；健康本源論；精神健康；精神基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；空間設(shè)計；城市孤獨(dú)；都市樹洞

^Abstract

^{While the current urban public space pays more attention to the physical construction for the promotion of public health, systematic and specific studies on mental health is insufficient. Through the selection of a specified group of users and the analysis of their mental desire, this article explores the possibility of promoting urban mental health by spatial design. The "Tokyo Loneliness Tree Hole Plan" project suggests reconsidering and reshaping the positive perception of loneliness based on the Salutogenesis Theory and proposes a design guideline for tackling urban loneliness. The project utilizes a scenario-based research method to conceive a systematic strategy for establishing an urban "spiritual infrastructure," which offers the lonely individuals a chance to get along with themselves, the space, and the feeling of loneliness. As the new typology of urban public space with publicity and privacy simultaneously, "Urban Tree Holes" create empathy about solitariness between natural landscape elements and humans in oriental design aesthetics, in order to mitigate the urban loneliness and respond to the mental desire. "One Person Park" as an alternative form of future landscape investigating the concept of "private-public space," which might fulfill the new desire of using public space in a post-pandemic era.}

^{Keywords：Urban Public Space; Salutogenesis Theory; Mental Health; Spiritual Infrastructure; Spatial Design; Urban Loneliness; Urban Tree Hole}

深遠(yuǎn)未來：2200，愛爾蘭與北愛爾蘭邊境的設(shè)計幻想

Deep Futures: Fantastical Borderlands of Ireland and Northern Ireland, 2200

作者：陳翔融，埃斯特羅·瑞格尼特  Joan CHEN, Estello RAGANIT

摘要

全球氣候變化的長期影響將突破現(xiàn)有的政治邊界和分歧。在此背景下，“邊境幻想”將愛爾蘭西北部（指愛爾蘭和北愛爾蘭之間的北部邊境地區(qū)）的未來想象成一片再野化的、緩慢的疆域景觀，它的出現(xiàn)有賴于該地區(qū)放牧量的顯著減少，以及預(yù)期會淹沒福伊爾湖和斯威利湖之間低洼地帶的洪水。本文探討了如何在保持地域景觀所具備的深厚的文化敏感性的同時，通過管控和利用洪水風(fēng)險來推動大規(guī)模的再野化項目。“邊境幻想”以英國脫歐為邊境景觀變化的契機(jī)，將“逆向時間膠囊”作為敘事線索，通過展覽與表演的形式，自2200年倒敘了一系列的場景切片來描繪和反思此前兩個世紀(jì)所采取的行動，進(jìn)而將項目從傳統(tǒng)視角下的近期規(guī)劃的約束中解放出來，關(guān)注在較長時間框束下才會顯現(xiàn)的景觀影響。筆者試圖借助這一景觀敘事來探索：在闡述當(dāng)下現(xiàn)實(shí)和描繪深遠(yuǎn)未來方面，敘事與虛構(gòu)可以發(fā)揮怎樣的作用？

關(guān)鍵詞：景觀敘事；再野化；邊境；氣候變化；深時

^Abstract

^{The long-term effects of climate change will supersede the implications of political demarcations and divisions. Within this context, “Fantastical Borderlands” proposes a rewilded territory, a landscape of slowness, for the Irish Northwest that encapsulates the northern borderlands between Ireland and Northern Ireland. This landscape emerges as a result of the significant reduction of grazing and the anticipated flooding of low-lying lands between Lough Foyle and Lough Swilly. The narrative process considers how flood risk might be managed in conjunction with the initiation of an ambitious rewilding scheme, while remaining sensitive to landscapes of deep cultural connection. By the “reverse time capsule” with performance and exhibition, “Fantastical Borderlands” is narrated from 2200 via a series of vignettes that reflect actions taken during the two centuries prior; the years surrounding Brexit serve as a catalyst for landscape change for the border landscape. The project is liberated from its constraints to near-term planning propositions, instead enabling a focus on landscape impacts that are revealed only at extended timeframes. Ultimately, the project asks: What is the role of storytelling and mythmaking in illuminating current realities and distant futures?}

^{Keywords：Landscape Narrative; Rewilding; Borders; Climate Change; Deep Time}

合作更迭：沖繩軍事基地重整策略

Cooperative Succession: Strategic Military Base Realignment in Okinawa

作者：黃曉昕  Monique Hiu Yan WONG

摘要

自沖繩島戰(zhàn)役和二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來，作為日本五大島嶼之一的沖繩本島一直是美國武裝部隊的戰(zhàn)略要地。駐日美軍基地中約有70％位于沖繩本島，占據(jù)整個島嶼面積的五分之一，并使其暴露于各種社會–生態(tài)的威脅之中。這種高度軍事化帶來的社會–生態(tài)影響遍布整個島嶼，并未受限于軍事基地邊界，污染和破壞了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窈鸵吧鷦又参镔囈陨娴纳鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)。鑒于目前關(guān)于沖繩本島軍事基地重整問題依然爭論不休，本研究提出以景觀為媒介的替代重整策略來應(yīng)對上述挑戰(zhàn)，并針對即將到來的2022年（沖繩回歸日本50周年）概述了4項策略，以期在自然、沖繩原住民和美軍基地之間建立起生態(tài)共生關(guān)系，并加強(qiáng)軍事化島嶼景觀的自持續(xù)性。

關(guān)鍵詞：沖繩本島；意愿；土著社區(qū)；軍事基地重整；景觀策略

^Abstract

^{Since the Battle of Okinawa and the end of World War II, Okinawa Island, one of the five main islands of Japan, has been a critical strategic location for the United States Armed Forces. Approximately 70% of the U.S. military bases in Japan are located on Okinawa Island. The bases cover one-fifth of the total Island area and expose Okinawa to various social–ecological vulnerabilities. Being unconstrained by the military base border, the social-ecological impacts of this highly militarized reality could be observed across the Island, and contaminates and disturbs ecological systems crucial for local residents and wildlife. Within the context of the ongoing debate over the military realignment on Okinawa Island, this study responds to the aforementioned challenges by proposing a landscape-based alternative realignment strategy. In particular, with the upcoming 50th anniversary of Okinawa’s reversion to Japan in 2022, this work outlines four strategies for establishing an ecological symbiosis between nature, the indigenous Okinawan, and the U.S. military bases, and strengthening self-sustainability on a militarized island landscape.}

^{Keywords：Okinawa Island; Will; Indigenous Community; Military Base Realignment; Landscape Strategies}