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  • 《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2021年第3期

    作 者：
    趙進勇（ZHAO Jinyong），袁興中（YUAN Xingzhong），司雨田（SI Yutian）等
    類 別：
    景觀
    出 版 社：
    高等教育出版社有限公司
    出版時間：
    2021年6月

俞孔堅?大河的另一種文明——《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2021年第2期“主編寄語”

Rescuing Big Rivers Damaged in Industrial Civilization, by Yu Kongjian


關(guān)于大河，我的心中總是充滿憧憬，這種憧憬編織于青少年時代和大學(xué)時代的閱讀體驗，穿插著陶潛的《桃花源記》、李白的《早發(fā)白帝城》、蘇軾的《石鐘山記》、王希孟的《千里江山圖》、劉白羽的《長江三日》、馬克?吐溫的《湯姆?索亞歷險記》和《哈克貝利?費恩歷險記》等著作，還有《動物世界》紀(jì)錄片中神秘的亞馬孫河。那夢幻般的迷霧和江灘叢林，礁石、瀑布和險灘激流，靜謐的水灣，植被茂盛的河中小洲和水岸沼澤；悠長的猿聲和各種鳥語，還有突然露出水面的“怪獸”；水面上漂過的漁舟，岸上矗立的城堡廢墟，炊煙裊裊的村莊，石埠岸邊的浣女，河灘上暮歸的水牛和孩童……這種憧憬一直伴隨我、呼喚我走向河流，乘著舟楫順流而下，體驗李白、蘇軾、哈克貝利?費恩等或曾有過的經(jīng)歷；或如武陵漁人和西方的叢林探險者那樣駛?cè)牒訛?，探索未知水源深處的秘境?/p>

因此，不論是在哈爾濱、鄭州、武漢、南京、重慶、廣州，還是在新奧爾良、明尼阿波利斯、德里、達(dá)卡、西貢、曼谷，每到一處，我首先期待的是去看看這座城市或這個國家的母親河。但每當(dāng)我身處大河河畔，那存留在心中的大河美景便被侵蝕一次：它們?nèi)找婵蔹S、殘缺，甚至發(fā)出惡臭、形象丑陋——恰如一軸描繪在絲綢上的《千里江山圖》，由于富豪主人的不屑、傲慢、無知和庸俗，被撂在陰暗潮濕的地下室一隅，不見天日，直至發(fā)霉?jié)€、被老鼠和蠹蟲啃食。我禁不住和著眾多母親河保護者的呼聲，大聲呼喊：救救大河！

我看到沿河的高堤不斷從河流所處的城市段往上下游延伸，一直從雪山腳下延伸至入海口！堤壩的材質(zhì)從泥土逐漸升級為水泥和鋼材，堅硬度和光滑度成為了工程質(zhì)量的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；防洪標(biāo)高也從10年一遇提升到50年、100年甚或500年一遇。這似乎已經(jīng)成為城市文明程度和現(xiàn)代化程度的評價指標(biāo)——文明到讓后輩子孫再難有機會赤腳踏入河灘！

由于這一道又一道的攔河大壩，河水的攔截效率和發(fā)電效率不斷提高，這似乎也已成為評價城市文明的另一個指標(biāo)——文明到阻斷一切只有逆流而上才能繁衍后代的魚類，文明到阻隔一切借助河流廊道遷徙的野生動物！

我看到夾河修建的公路或鐵路越來越多，路幅越來越寬，車速也越來越快，快到讓渴望親近水岸的人們望而卻步，快到能瞬間扼殺一切膽敢在水陸之間遷徙和活動的生命！

我看到大河支流的命運更加悲慘，它們大多已經(jīng)成為裁彎取直的硬質(zhì)溝渠，自然的河流形態(tài)不復(fù)存在，河道不再蜿蜒動人；城鄉(xiāng)生活污水、農(nóng)田面源污染從這里排入大河，河水不再清澈，更不用說魚翔淺底、鷺鳥翻飛。在世界范圍內(nèi)，超過80%的污水未經(jīng)任何截流處理，直接匯入大河與海洋[1]——這里已然成為工業(yè)文明的垃圾場。河灘森林不斷減少，河流被疏浚、綠洲被蠶食，河灣、濕地日漸消失——這便是工業(yè)文明對大地的定義！

面對這些曾讓我心懷憧憬的大河，我時常反問自己，人類的母親河緣何落得如此境地？是恐懼，曾經(jīng)的洪水可以吞噬一切生命和財產(chǎn)；是欲望，大河所蘊藏的能源和道路修建所帶來的便利交通是城市經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的原始動力；是自私，不論是攔壩蓄水、高堤防水，還是河道排污，都是典型的公地悲劇[2]；是無知，直至今日，人類社會仍未意識到河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的全面自然服務(wù)是人類福祉的保障；是對自然之愛的匱乏，工業(yè)社會的物質(zhì)欲望剝奪了人類與水親近、熱愛生物的本性。

慶幸的是，生態(tài)文明的到來似乎為解救大河帶來了希望。首先是喚醒人們對河流、生物及一切自然世界之美的認(rèn)知，將人類天性從工業(yè)文明物質(zhì)欲望的桎梏和源遠(yuǎn)流長的洪水恐懼中解放出來。這尤其需要通過對兒童和青少年的自然審美啟智來實現(xiàn)[3]。第二，系統(tǒng)認(rèn)識河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及其自然服務(wù)，系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃并實施國土空間生態(tài)修復(fù)，推進生態(tài)城市和海綿城市建設(shè)，以及海綿田園和生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)[4]。這需要依賴生態(tài)文明價值觀下大河流域水系統(tǒng)管理的轉(zhuǎn)變。第三，建立和完善針對大河流域的法律法規(guī)體系，保障公平的自然資產(chǎn)分配和水系統(tǒng)監(jiān)護權(quán)益，杜絕損害地方和社區(qū)權(quán)益的排污行為及河堤、河壩工程建設(shè)。第四，破除冥頑不化的對灰色工業(yè)技術(shù)的迷信。需要認(rèn)識到，除了構(gòu)筑更高、更硬的鋼筋水泥堤壩外，并非沒有更合適的途徑來保障大河的水安全?；谧匀?、富有韌性、更加可持續(xù)的生態(tài)防洪是結(jié)束人水抗?fàn)?、實現(xiàn)人水和諧的必由之路。

基于上述大河解救方案，由藝術(shù)家、文學(xué)家和探險家們所描繪和編織的自由的、豐饒的、生機勃勃的、擁有萬般詩情畫意的大河美景有望再現(xiàn)。生態(tài)文明正是大河的另一種文明——它意味著我們需要重新審視以往一切工業(yè)文明的成果，在懷疑中尋找新的、基于自然的出路。

大河孕育著文明，也是文明的載體和表征。大河的生機意味著文明的興盛，大河的衰退預(yù)示著文明的沒落。因此，生態(tài)文明能否在地球上發(fā)展，首先在于大河能否重現(xiàn)勃勃生機。


For me, large rivers were dreamlands. In teenage and college years, I was immersed in the stories and tales about misty rivers and forests, including The Peach Blossom Spring by Tao Yuanming, Leaving the White King’s Town at Down by Li Bai, The Stone Bell Mountain by Su Shi, A Panorama of Rivers and Mountains by Wang Ximeng, Three Days Along the Yangtze River by Liu Baiyu, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, and the documentary Animal World. The rivers and forests were described as appealing places where waterfalls and torrents carve through rocks, in striking contrast to quiet bays and verdant sandbars and marshlands; the ululation of apes and silvery bird singing heard, “monsters” emerging from the water; fishing boats floating, castle ruins standing along banks, villages filling with wisps of smoke, women washing clothes on river banks, and kids riding buffaloes along the river at sunset... All these fantasies beckoned me to experience and explore rivers.

With this dream, when I arrived a new city—Harbin, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing, and Guangzhou; or New Orleans, Minneapolis, Delhi, Dhaka, Saigon, and Bangkok—I was eager to visit their mother rivers. However, every time upon my arrival to the riversides, I was shocked for the heavily polluted rivers that are dirty, messy, and smelling—just like invaluable silk paintings discarded in the dark and moist basements for years by their ignorant wealthy owners. Please rescue the rivers! This is a cry from my heart with all the people who admire the mother rivers.

As engineered high dikes and dams made of concrete and steels (instead of clay, for a greater height, hardness, and smoothness under construction standards to resist 50-year, 100-year, and even 500-year floods) built by cities along rivers, people are “safely protected” from floods. All these engineering giants mark the development level of a city, compromising our grandchildren’s opportunities to connect with the water.

These dams indeed lower flood risks and increase power generation efficiency, cities become “civilized” barriers cutting off the river corridors for fishes and other wildlife to reproduce and migrate.

As more highways and railways built along rivers, vehicles run at an increasingly faster speed, scaring any life who wants to or has to access the water.

Conditions of tributaries are much worse. Most of them are no longer free flow but end up as hard ditches. As domestic sewage and agricultural non-point source pollution are dumped into rivers, fishes or birds no longer home there. Globally, over 80% of wastewater is discharged to rivers and oceans without treatment[1], making them into garbage dumps of industrial civilization. As the industrialization process continues, forests, oases, river bends, and wetlands are being damaged and eroded.

I often ask myself that how did all these tragedies happen? It is the fear of floods which claims lives and property; it is the rapacity for energies generated by rivers and for convenient traffic to facilitate urban economic development; it is human selfishness that leads to the “Tragedy of the Commons”[2], whether for dike and dam construction or sewage discharge; it is the ignorance of the ecosystem services provided by rivers that ensure human well-beings; or, it is the lack of love and respect for nature that results in human’s avarice for materials in the industrial civilization and the low willingness to connect with nature.

Nevertheless, it is fortunate that ecological civilization brings hope to rescuing large rivers. The first step is to encourage people to appreciate the beauty of nature, spiritually liberating them from material desires and dispelling the long-lasting fear of floods which especially relies on the aesthetic enlightenment for children and the youth[3]. Secondly, a thorough understanding on river ecosystems and the ecosystem services, accompanied by systematic planning and implementation of territorial ecological restoration, can propel the construction of ecological cities, sponge cities, and sustainable agriculture[4]. This requires mindset changes towards holistic water system management of large rivers and basins. Thirdly, laws and regulations on large river management should be put in place to guarantee the equitable distribution of natural resources and water system supervision rights, and to control sewage discharge and dam construction that undermine local and community benefits. Finally, efforts should be made to break the worship of grey engineering approaches to flood control. It is expected that nature-based, resilient, and sustainable ecological approaches to flood control can be more effective to ensure water safety.

In this way, we could restore the free, fertile, vigorous, and poetic landscapes along rivers as depicted by artists, litterateurs, and adventurers. Living in the age of ecological civilization, we shoulder the responsibility to reexamine all that we have achieved in industrial civilization and dare to explore a new nature-based path.

Rivers and civilizations are closely bound up—big rivers not only nourish human civilizations, but also symbolize and reflect the prosperity or decline of civilizations. In other words, the development and promotion of ecological civilization will first manifest in the rescuing and revitalization of large rivers.


REFERENCES

[1] UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme. (2017). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017, Wastewater: The Untapped Resource. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/2017-wastewater-the-untapped-resource/

[2] Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243-1248. doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243

[3] Yu, K. (2020). What Kind of Play Space Do Children Need in the City?. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 8(2), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-LAF-1-010007

[4] Yu, K. (2019). Large-scale Ecological Restoration: Empowering the Nature-based Solutions Inspired by Ancient Wisdom of Farming. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39(23), 8733-8745. doi:10.5846/stxb201905311146


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