《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2022年第1期

?馬哲

別讓更多的桃花源消失在黎明之前

——構(gòu)建服務(wù)于高品質(zhì)旅居生活的新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施暨桂林成就世界級(jí)旅游城市的三項(xiàng)建議

（俞孔堅(jiān)，《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2022年第1期“主編寄語(yǔ)”）

We Cannot Lose Rural Paradises Anymore

—Building New Infrastructure for Quality Residential Tourism and Three Suggestions for Guilin Towards a World-Class Tourist City, by Yu Kongjian

廣西桂林、安徽黃山、江西婺源、四川涼山、云南大理、貴州興義、新疆吐魯番、海南島全境、西藏全境等地，都擁有堪稱得天獨(dú)厚的自然與文化資產(chǎn)和氣候條件，完全可以成為世界級(jí)的旅居目的地。但長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，當(dāng)?shù)貑我坏挠^光旅游開(kāi)發(fā)模式使這類優(yōu)質(zhì)資產(chǎn)得不到應(yīng)有的價(jià)值體現(xiàn)；同時(shí)，粗暴的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)方式（包括大規(guī)模的鄉(xiāng)村拆遷和工業(yè)化的鄉(xiāng)村水利工程等）和粗放的土地開(kāi)發(fā)模式，使大量不可再生的自然景觀和鄉(xiāng)土文化景觀遭到破壞。隨著城市化水平的提高，人民對(duì)美好生活的需求和審美品位不斷提高，旅居生活將成為未來(lái)社會(huì)的重要產(chǎn)品需求，而那些看似尋常的鄉(xiāng)土文化景觀資產(chǎn)將成為稀缺資源。

2022年4月，中央財(cái)經(jīng)委員會(huì)第十一次會(huì)議召開(kāi)，研究全面加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)問(wèn)題。在新的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)高潮來(lái)臨之際，中國(guó)廣大具有獨(dú)特自然和文化景觀的區(qū)域，有必要規(guī)劃和建設(shè)面向未來(lái)的世界級(jí)旅居目的地的新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并有必要盡快制定相應(yīng)的鄉(xiāng)村土地利用策略，避免更多的桃花源消失在黎明之前。在同一時(shí)間，桂林市召開(kāi)“2022年漓江論壇”，筆者向桂林市政府提出“成就世界級(jí)旅游城市的三項(xiàng)建議”，旨在呼吁相關(guān)決策者抓住即將到來(lái)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和正在進(jìn)行的鄉(xiāng)村振興的機(jī)遇，構(gòu)建面向未來(lái)、作為世界級(jí)旅居目的地的新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并制定新型鄉(xiāng)村土地利用策略。

桂林打造世界級(jí)旅游城市的行動(dòng)面臨重大挑戰(zhàn)——既要保護(hù)綠水青山，又要成為金山銀山。唯一的途徑是提升桂林山水這一世界級(jí)魅力景觀的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，將低質(zhì)量的觀光旅游轉(zhuǎn)型為高品質(zhì)的世界級(jí)旅居生活產(chǎn)業(yè)。這意味著需要構(gòu)建一種服務(wù)于高品質(zhì)旅居生活的新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施——生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、慢行基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以及促進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村活化、滿足浸入式旅居生活方式的土地利用機(jī)制。為此，筆者提出以下三項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵措施和建議。

第一項(xiàng)建議，構(gòu)建魅力景觀網(wǎng)絡(luò)。為兌現(xiàn)桂林山水景觀的巨大生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值，這一魅力景觀網(wǎng)絡(luò)需從宏觀、中觀、微觀三個(gè)尺度構(gòu)建，形成“一心兩環(huán)”格局：“一心”為桂林城區(qū)，“兩環(huán)”分別是南部的“山水旅居環(huán)”和北部的“鄉(xiāng)土遺產(chǎn)環(huán)”，漓江就是這“一心兩環(huán)”之間的紐帶。同時(shí)，這一魅力景觀網(wǎng)絡(luò)可通過(guò)以下四類國(guó)土保護(hù)和修復(fù)措施來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

1）國(guó)土海綿化。以流域?yàn)閱挝粯?gòu)建水韌性國(guó)土，利用基于自然的解決方案調(diào)節(jié)旱澇：源頭滯蓄雨水，徑流過(guò)程減速消能，末端建立適應(yīng)性景觀，使國(guó)土得以滋潤(rùn)，萬(wàn)物生機(jī)勃勃。

2）水系去硬化。河道渠化硬化是桂林山水景觀的大敵，鋼筋水泥修筑的防洪堤壩使水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和山水景觀的價(jià)值都遭受了毀滅性損害。

3）田園有機(jī)化。對(duì)具有獨(dú)特魅力的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)而言，綠色有機(jī)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)所能帶來(lái)的綜合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于工業(yè)化量產(chǎn)的大宗農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，尤其是就田園景觀的審美啟智服務(wù)而言。即使不能在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)和綠色農(nóng)業(yè)，至少桂林等少數(shù)魅力景觀區(qū)域具有推行試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目的潛力。

4）鄉(xiāng)村遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和活化。過(guò)去幾十年間，大量傳統(tǒng)村落被拆遷，可謂一去不復(fù)還；同時(shí)，殘存的村落也面臨大面積凋敝。然而，被動(dòng)保護(hù)只能使凋敝加速，唯一的出路在于活化利用——在保護(hù)鄉(xiāng)村遺產(chǎn)原真性的同時(shí)，基于可逆、可辨識(shí)的原則，活化利用鄉(xiāng)村遺產(chǎn)，使其成為魅力景觀的一部分。

第二項(xiàng)建議，游在畫(huà)中——浸入式體驗(yàn)，構(gòu)建慢行網(wǎng)絡(luò)，實(shí)現(xiàn)自由行旅。經(jīng)過(guò)一年的研究，我們構(gòu)想了一個(gè)覆蓋桂林全域、以“三橫三縱一環(huán)”為骨架的綠道網(wǎng)絡(luò)，為全域自由行旅提供慢行系統(tǒng)，包括自行車道、水上游覽系統(tǒng)、步道、馬道，以及一條小火車專用游覽線。該慢行系統(tǒng)北至靈渠，南到陽(yáng)朔，串聯(lián)起眾多重要古鎮(zhèn)和古村，使魅力景觀能夠最大限度地服務(wù)于旅居者的需求。在此基礎(chǔ)上，重點(diǎn)打造漓江兩岸的慢行系統(tǒng)。與服務(wù)于傳統(tǒng)觀光旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)，追求快速、大運(yùn)量、集中式交通組織方式不同，慢行系統(tǒng)是低干擾、滲透式和潛入式的，由景觀解說(shuō)系統(tǒng)和驛站服務(wù)系統(tǒng)連接魅力景觀節(jié)點(diǎn)、文化服務(wù)設(shè)施和棲居地，可以更好地服務(wù)于旅居者自由分散、慢行和浸入式的個(gè)體活動(dòng)。

第三項(xiàng)建議，居在畫(huà)中——活化畫(huà)里鄉(xiāng)村的詩(shī)意生活。這種詩(shī)意棲居、生態(tài)優(yōu)農(nóng)、自由行旅、研學(xué)啟智、藝術(shù)文創(chuàng)五位一體的生活模式，筆者稱之為“望山生活”，亦是桂林全境實(shí)現(xiàn)從低質(zhì)量的觀光旅游走向世界級(jí)高質(zhì)量旅居目的地的途徑。該生活模式的實(shí)施難點(diǎn)在于需兼顧集體建設(shè)用地的資本化與社會(huì)資本的安全保障，即在保障村民利益的前提下激活閑置資產(chǎn)。采用插隊(duì)和拼貼模式[1]，可以盤活漓江兩岸52個(gè)村莊的閑置用地，共計(jì)約15km2，改造出5.4萬(wàn)張適宜于高品質(zhì)旅居者需求的床位，每年為廣大村民增加營(yíng)收近100億①。如此，有望在滿足城市旅居者對(duì)山水畫(huà)卷般幸福生活的向往的同時(shí)，實(shí)現(xiàn)漓江兩岸廣大地區(qū)的鄉(xiāng)村振興。

依據(jù)上述三大關(guān)鍵策略建議，終將實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游方式的變革，成就桂林從低質(zhì)量的觀光游覽地向高質(zhì)量、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的世界級(jí)旅居目的地的轉(zhuǎn)型。這些策略僅要求低成本投入就能夠持續(xù)提升山水和田園景觀魅力，帶動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，成就鄉(xiāng)村振興和共同富裕目標(biāo)，真正使綠水青山成為金山銀山——這三項(xiàng)建議也同樣可為其他具有成為世界級(jí)旅居目的地潛力的區(qū)域決策者提供參考。

① 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：2021年北京大學(xué)和土人設(shè)計(jì)課題組田野調(diào)查。

With blessed assets in natural resources, cultural legacy, and climatic conditions, a number of regions throughout China—such as Guilin in Guangxi Province, Huangshan in Anhui, Wuyuan in Jiangxi, Liangshan in Sichuan, Dali in Yunnan, Xingyi in Guizhou, Turpan in Xinjiang, as well as Hainan Island and Tibet—are qualified as world-class residential tourism destinations. For years, single-purpose tourism-oriented development modes have failed to fully manifest such high-value assets; meanwhile, extensive infrastructure construction (large-scale rural demolition, industrialized rural water conservancy projects, etc.) and generic land development strategies have irreversibly destroyed a large number of vernacular natural and cultural landscapes. With the increased urbanization level, people’s growing demand for a good life and aesthetic opportunities will boost residential tourism in the near future, when these seemingly so-ordinary vernacular cultural landscapes will become scarce resources.

In April 2022, the 11th meeting of the Communist Party of China's Central Financial and Economic Committee promoted the integrated advances in infrastructure development. To seize the opportunities in current infrastructure construction, it is necessary to plan and build a new type of infrastructure system for vast areas of China where world-class residential tourism destinations can be created based on vernacular natural and cultural landscapes, and to develop related rural land use strategies proactively, avoiding the loss of more rural paradises. Synchronously, at the “Lijiang River Forum 2022” held in Guilin City, the author proposed Three Suggestions to Achieve a World-Class Tourist City to the Guilin Municipal Government. In the context of the upcoming infrastructure development and the ongoing rural revitalization, it is the time to build future world-class residential tourism destinations by constructing a new type of infrastructure system with related rural land use strategies.

Such an ambition challenges Guilin to both protect its outstanding natural resources and boost local economic growth. The wise solution is to improve the ecosystem services of its prominent natural landscapes, transforming its existing traditional tourism towards world-class residential tourism. This requires the city to develop a supporting infrastructure system, including ecological slow-traffic infrastructures and land use strategies that promote rural activation and meet the needs for immersive residential tourism. To this end, the author proposes the following three key suggestions.

First, develop a Charming Landscape Network. At macro-, meso-, and micro-scales, this network will form a “one-heart, two-rings” pattern that can tap the values of the ecosystem services of Guilin landscapes. “One-heart” refers to the urbanized area of Guilin, and “two-rings” refers to the “residential tourism landscape ring” in the south and the “rural heritage ring” in the north. Lijiang River runs across and links up the heart and rings. Four measures of land protection and restoration are suggested for the construction of this Charming Landscape Network.

1) Build territorial land sponges. Nourish land by improving water-resilience at watershed scale; alleviate droughts and floods with Nature-Based Solutions; and store rainwater at the source, decelerate runoff, and establish an adaptive landscape at the end.

2) De-harden water system. Channelization has deteriorated Guilin landscapes, where concreate dams ruthlessly damage both water ecosystems and the landscape values.

3) Develop organic farming. For rural areas with unique landscapes, farmlands for organic products can bring about higher overall ecosystem services than those for industrialized bulk agricultural products, especially concerning the aesthetic enlightenment service. Considering difficulties in popularizing ecological green agriculture nationwide, cities such as Guilin with unique landscapes can become pilots to develop organic farming.

4) Protect and revitalize rural heritage. In the past decades, many historic villages have been demolished, while the remaining ones are tumbledown. A tactical approach to revitalizing these villages, instead of adopting passive protection methods that offer little help in the dilapidation, is to integrate such rural heritage as part of the unique landscapes by preserving their identifiable authenticity under principles of reversible transformation.

Second, construct a slow traffic system for immersive self-service individual travelers. Based on a one-year research, the author’s team proposed a slow-traffic tourist network with a skeleton consisting of a series of crossed greenways and a green loop, which covers the whole area of Guilin with trails for cycling, walking, horse riding, and water tour, as well as a railway for mini tour train. Spanning from Lingqu Canal in the north to Yangshuo County on the south, the tourist network also links up a number of ancient towns and villages, allowing visitors to better enjoy the attractive landscapes. The slow traffic system along Lijiang River will be key to the entire network. Different from the high-speed, intensive traffic system to support traditional tourism, the slow traffic system minimizes human interference onto the nature and encourages diverse immersive activities supported by carefully designed landscape nodes, cultural facilities, and homestay connected by interpretation and service systems.

Third, revitalize the poetic lifestyle in villages, i.e., “Wangshan lifestyle” (literally mountain-viewing lifestyle) as called by the author, which is composed by poetic settlements, ecological agriculture, self-serve travel, educational enlightment, and artist and cultural creation. This is also an approach to realizing Guilin’s transition from a traditional tourist city to a world-class residential tourism destination. One main difficulty in this process is to balance the capitalization of collective construction land and the security of social capital, which means to activate idle assets by guaranteeing the interests of the locals. The “collage living–production” mode[1] proposed for Guilin can vitalize idle lands in the 52 villages in the riverfront, which cover an area of 15-square-kilometer and is planned to accommodate 54,000 beds for visitors. The estimated annual revenue is approximately 10 billion yuan①. In this way, while realizing the rural revitalization of vast areas along Lijiang River, visitors can also have a joyful time within the picturesque landscapes.

The above three strategic suggestions for Guilin’s future development that require low inputs while can substantively promote local economic growth will ultimately renovate the regional tourism mode by transforming the city into a sustainable residential tourism destination with charming countryside landscapes. These suggestions which respond to the idea that lucid waters and lush mountains are exactly invaluable assets and facilitate rural revitalization and common prosperity can also provide reference for decision-makers of other areas with the same potential to become world-class residential tourism destinations.

^REFERENCE

^{[1]  Yu, K. (2017). New ruralism movement in China and its impacts on protection and revitalization of heritage villages: Xixi’nan experiment in Huizhou District, Anhui Province. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32(7), 696-710. doi:10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2017.07.004}

^{① Data source: the field survey in 2021 by the research group from Peking University and Turenscape.}

主編寄語(yǔ)

別讓更多的桃花源消失在黎明之前——構(gòu)建服務(wù)于高品質(zhì)旅居生活的新型基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施暨桂林成就世界級(jí)旅游城市的三項(xiàng)建議（俞孔堅(jiān)）

論文

山城一體背景下街道步行空間景觀視覺(jué)美學(xué)質(zhì)量測(cè)度、評(píng)價(jià)與優(yōu)化——以山東省濟(jì)南市舊城片區(qū)為例（安淇，肖華斌，郭研馨，吳俊穎）

野火適應(yīng)性放牧管理——以地中海盆地放牧管理技術(shù)實(shí)踐應(yīng)用為例（埃米莉·施里克曼，布雷特·米利根）

城市河流生態(tài)修復(fù)的生態(tài)審美偏好影響機(jī)制研究：基于江蘇省昆山市的實(shí)證研究（王敏，侯曉暉，汪方心怡，汪潔瓊）

觀點(diǎn)與評(píng)論

色彩，田野工作，設(shè)計(jì)人類學(xué)——《綠的悖論：一個(gè)城市國(guó)家的景觀》評(píng)論（李賓）

主題實(shí)踐

降低污染和洪水威脅：以美國(guó)特拉華州威爾明頓市布蘭迪萬(wàn)溪周邊環(huán)境修復(fù)為例（蓋倫·紐曼，蔡鎮(zhèn)航，詹妮弗·霍尼，呂吳琦）

探索與過(guò)程

舞臺(tái)布景——多視角設(shè)計(jì)研究（克里斯·里德，艾麗?！べ囂兀?/p>

“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室”：設(shè)計(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)的研究（艾米·懷特塞德斯，陳崢能）

【中文刊名】《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】肖華斌（XIAO Huabin），埃米莉·施里克曼（Emily SCHLICKMAN），汪潔瓊（WANG Jieqiong）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁(yè)碼】94頁(yè)彩色印刷

【刊號(hào)】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2022年2月

【定價(jià)】68.00元

山城一體背景下街道步行空間景觀視覺(jué)美學(xué)質(zhì)量測(cè)度、評(píng)價(jià)與優(yōu)化

——以山東省濟(jì)南市舊城片區(qū)為例

Landscape Visual Aesthetics Measurement, Assessment, and Improvement of Street Pedestrian Spaces in Mountainous Cities

—Case Study on the Historic Downtown of Jinan, Shandong Province

作者：安淇，肖華斌，郭研馨，吳俊穎  AN Qi, XIAO Huabin, GUO Yanxin, WU Junying

摘要

城市街道步行空間承載了居民日常通勤、交往和游憩等重要活動(dòng)，其景觀視覺(jué)資源是城市景觀風(fēng)貌的重要組成部分，也是提升街道空間品質(zhì)和活力、引導(dǎo)城市健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要載體。同時(shí)，作為城市空間架構(gòu)的重要生態(tài)載體與自然要素，山體在打造“山城一體”的城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)與景觀風(fēng)貌特征中起著重要作用。

本研究以具有典型山城空間特色的濟(jì)南市舊城片區(qū)為例，在分析街道步行空間景觀視覺(jué)審美表現(xiàn)特征——自然性、多樣性、開(kāi)闊性、協(xié)調(diào)性和干擾性——的基礎(chǔ)上，基于街景圖像數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)街道步行空間景觀視覺(jué)美學(xué)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了測(cè)度，同時(shí)對(duì)高視覺(jué)美學(xué)質(zhì)量城市山體景觀可見(jiàn)街道進(jìn)行了識(shí)別；最后，根據(jù)街道步行空間景觀視覺(jué)美學(xué)質(zhì)量綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果，提出了針對(duì)不同等級(jí)城市道路結(jié)合山體風(fēng)貌協(xié)調(diào)的步行空間景觀視覺(jué)美學(xué)質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)化建議，以期為打造“山城一體、城景相融”的城市景觀風(fēng)貌和引導(dǎo)城市健康可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供借鑒。

關(guān)鍵詞

山城一體；街道步行空間；景觀視覺(jué)美學(xué)質(zhì)量；高視覺(jué)美學(xué)質(zhì)量城市山體景觀可見(jiàn)度；定量評(píng)價(jià)；城市街景

ABSTRACT

Urban streets support citizens’ daily commuting and social and recreational activities. Streetscape is also a visual resource and an important part of urban landscape appearance. Serving as an important ecological base and natural components of urban spatial structure, mountains often determine a city’s spatial layout and landscape identity so as to promote mountain-city integration. The study focuses on the historic downtown of Jinan, a typical mountainous city, analyzes the landscape aesthetic visual characteristics of street pedestrian spaces, and measures their landscape visual aesthetic quality by using panoramic images; the research then evaluates the visibility of high-visual-aesthetic-quality urban mountainous landscape to urban streets; finally, based on the overall landscape visual aesthetic quality evaluation results of urban street pedestrian spaces, the paper proposes a series of optimization suggestions of the streets at different levels to improve the harmony with urban mountain landscapes. The study hopes to provide a reference for the creation of mountain–city-integrated urban landscapes, as well as the healthy and sustainable urban development.

KEYWORDS 

Mountain-City Integration; Street Pedestrian Space; Landscape Visual Aesthetic Quality; Visibility of High-Visual-Aesthetic-Quality Urban Mountainous Landscape; Quantitative Assessment; Urban Streetscape

野火適應(yīng)性放牧管理

——以地中海盆地放牧管理技術(shù)實(shí)踐應(yīng)用為例

Shepherding for Wildfire Adaptation: 

A Case Study of Two Grazing Management Techniques in the Mediterranean Basin

作者：埃米莉·施里克曼，布雷特·米利根  Emily SCHLICKMAN, Brett MILLIGAN

摘要

全球環(huán)境變化不斷加速，氣候和起火條件，以及城市邊緣用地情況的變化引發(fā)了更大規(guī)模、更猛烈、更頻繁的野火災(zāi)害，其中地中海盆地及其他地中海型氣候帶地區(qū)尤甚。這些地區(qū)夏季干燥、炎熱，植被具有易燃、火災(zāi)適存的特點(diǎn)，且存在大量可燃物質(zhì)。為應(yīng)對(duì)這類挑戰(zhàn)，人們開(kāi)始探索更有效、更綜合、兼具多重效益的管理技術(shù)。

盡管已經(jīng)嘗試了多種管理方式來(lái)降低野火風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，但當(dāng)前人們對(duì)于這些方式的應(yīng)用潛力和局限性的認(rèn)識(shí)仍然有限。放牧管理系統(tǒng)是其中一項(xiàng)策略性綜合管理途徑：通過(guò)啃食、踩踏，馴養(yǎng)的牛、羊、馬等牧群在植被間（水平及垂直方向）創(chuàng)造出空隙，以此控制可燃物量，增強(qiáng)場(chǎng)地的野火適應(yīng)性。本文探討了兩項(xiàng)放牧管理技術(shù)：1）“密林放牧”（Fire Flocking），一項(xiàng)在過(guò)度繁茂的森林中區(qū)劃輪牧的技術(shù)，在減少可燃物的同時(shí)建立生態(tài)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈；2）“基建之下”（Infrastructure Shadowing），一種在高壓線下方實(shí)行計(jì)劃性放牧的技術(shù)，有助于降低場(chǎng)地自燃風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，也從屬于一項(xiàng)更大尺度的多功能綜合景觀管理規(guī)劃項(xiàng)目。本研究以兩個(gè)分別應(yīng)用上述技術(shù)的項(xiàng)目為例，基于文獻(xiàn)研究、利益相關(guān)者訪談和空間分析，從項(xiàng)目場(chǎng)地背景、應(yīng)用技術(shù)、技術(shù)實(shí)施過(guò)程，以及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)四個(gè)方面，闡述了這兩個(gè)項(xiàng)目各自在開(kāi)發(fā)及建成后評(píng)估過(guò)程中所取得的成果和所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。

研究結(jié)果表明，策略性放牧管理途徑經(jīng)濟(jì)有效，能夠削減場(chǎng)地可燃物量，從而降低并減緩火勢(shì)蔓延速度；其通過(guò)將場(chǎng)地劃分為若干景觀斑塊，能夠創(chuàng)造符合生態(tài)需求的棲息地；還能通過(guò)將項(xiàng)目帶入人們的視野、引入公眾參與環(huán)節(jié)或宣傳推廣，提高公眾對(duì)于野火的認(rèn)識(shí)。本研究展示了多功能綜合景觀管理系統(tǒng)通過(guò)可再生、演變式的方式應(yīng)對(duì)野火的潛力。后續(xù)研究或可進(jìn)一步探討放牧降低野火風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的具體機(jī)制，建立行之有效的、全面的績(jī)效評(píng)估體系，并探索如何將策略性放牧管理途徑與多功能景觀設(shè)計(jì)相整合。

關(guān)鍵詞

野火；氣候變化；野火管理；土地管理；景觀適應(yīng)；放牧管理措施

ABSTRACT

The risk of larger, more intense, and more frequent wildfires is growing across the world, especially in the Mediterranean Basin and regions of the world characterized by dry, hot summers, fire-prone and fire-adapted vegetation, and a build-up of fire fuels. These increased wildfire risks point toward a need for more effective and multi-beneficial management techniques. This paper explores two techniques aimed at reducing wildfire risk and bolstering wildfire adaptation through the act of shepherding: 1) “Fire Flocking,” a technique that employs the rotational grazing of animals in overgrown forests to reduce fuel loads and create a bio-based economy, and 2) “Infrastructure Shadowing,” a technique that develops a grazing program under high voltage power lines to reduce the risk of ignition. The study employs a descriptive case study methodology that combines a comprehensive literature review, stakeholder interviews, and spatial analysis; and evaluates the two cases to ascertain technical successes and challenges. While grazing systems are complex and have many variables needing to be considered, findings from the study suggest that creative and strategically designed grazing practices can slow the spread and decrease the intensity of wildfire events in a cost-effective manner, create desired habitats by developing mosaic-like landscape patches, and increase wildfire awareness. While it is clear that more experimentation should be done to explore how grazing can reduce wildfire risk, this study reveals the potential of multifunctional land stewardship practices to foster regenerative, evolutionary pathways with wildfire.

KEYWORDS 

Wildfire; Climate Change; Wildfire Management; Land Stewardship; Landscape Adaptation; Grazing System

城市河流生態(tài)修復(fù)的生態(tài)審美偏好影響機(jī)制研究：基于江蘇省昆山市的實(shí)證研究

Influencing Mechanism of Ecological Aesthetic Preference on Urban River Ecological Restoration: A Case Study of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province

作者：王敏，侯曉暉，汪方心怡，汪潔瓊  WANG Min, HOU Xiaohui, WANG Fangxinyi, WANG Jieqiong

摘要

為緩解城市河流生態(tài)修復(fù)中的“生態(tài)–審美”不協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系，研究從生態(tài)審美的角度來(lái)剖析城市河流生態(tài)修復(fù)的績(jī)效。本研究界定了“生態(tài)審美偏好”的概念，并構(gòu)建了城市河流空間的生態(tài)審美偏好三重框架，總結(jié)了影響生態(tài)審美偏好的三大因子，即客體生態(tài)要素特征、審美主體社會(huì)文化背景和生態(tài)意識(shí)與知識(shí)水平。本文采用城市河流調(diào)查方法和調(diào)查問(wèn)卷法，針對(duì)江蘇省昆山市的24個(gè)典型樣本河段展開(kāi)實(shí)證研究，通過(guò)相關(guān)性分析與最優(yōu)尺度回歸，分析相關(guān)特征要素及其作用規(guī)律。研究結(jié)果表明：1）影響受訪者生態(tài)審美偏好程度由強(qiáng)到弱依次為生態(tài)意識(shí)與知識(shí)水平、客體生態(tài)要素特征和審美主體社會(huì)文化背景；2）受訪者對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)重要性的認(rèn)知水平越高，對(duì)城市河流空間的喜愛(ài)程度越高；3）植被類型對(duì)生態(tài)審美偏好的影響比材質(zhì)類型、物理環(huán)境類型更顯著，且不同的組合類型會(huì)影響城市河流修復(fù)的綜合效益?；诖?，在城市河流生態(tài)修復(fù)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施落地過(guò)程中，應(yīng)考量生態(tài)與審美的綜合價(jià)值，靈活組合客體生態(tài)要素類型，充分考慮社會(huì)需求，強(qiáng)化河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)感知體驗(yàn)，同時(shí)提升公眾生態(tài)意識(shí)與知識(shí)水平。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市河流；河流空間；生態(tài)審美；生態(tài)修復(fù)；影響機(jī)制；公眾審美偏好；昆山市

ABSTRACT

To balance the ecological–aesthetic relationship in urban river ecological restoration, the research analyzed the ecological aesthetics performance of related practice. By defining “ecological aesthetic preference” and establishing a triple framework of ecological aesthetic preference on urban riverfronts, the research summarized three major factors that impact ecological aesthetic preference. With the Urban River Survey method, 24 typical river section samples in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province were selected. Through correlation analysis and optimal scaling regression model, relevant characteristics and influencing mechanisms were analyzed. The results include that: 1) Individuals’ ecological awareness and knowledge level has the most significant impact, followed by ecological factor characteristics of riverfronts and individuals’ social–cultural characteristics; 2) The respondents having higher cognition on ecosystem services show a stronger aesthetic preference for urban riverfronts; and 3) Vegetation characteristics impact ecological aesthetic preference more than material and physical habitat characteristics, and different combinations would lead to various overall benefits of urban riverfronts. Therefore, urban river ecological restoration should better integrate ecological values and aesthetic values by flexibly combining spatial elements, meanwhile fully consider social demands for urban riverfronts, to promote people’s ecological awareness and knowledge level and provide them with better landscape perception of ecosystem services.

KEYWORDS

Urban River; Riverfront; Ecological Aesthetics; Ecological Restoration; Influencing Mechanism; Public Aesthetic Preference; Kunshan City

色彩，田野工作，設(shè)計(jì)人類學(xué)

——《綠的悖論：一個(gè)城市國(guó)家的景觀》評(píng)論

Color, Fieldwork, and Design Anthropology

—A Review of Paradoxes of Green: Landscapes of a City-State

作者：李賓  LI Bin

摘要

如何以色彩為媒介理解城市景觀空間？如何以民族志與田野工作的方法進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)研究？為何設(shè)計(jì)人類學(xué)被看作是連接文字描述與行動(dòng)的新學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域？從環(huán)境保護(hù)的視角來(lái)看，某些城市環(huán)境中的“綠”是不可持續(xù)的——《綠的悖論：一個(gè)城市國(guó)家的景觀》一書(shū)針對(duì)波斯灣地區(qū)的干旱城市國(guó)家巴林提出了這一悖論。在為期一年的步行田野工作中，該書(shū)作者加雷斯·多爾蒂分層解讀了巴林城市景觀中的綠色及其他色調(diào)，同時(shí)通過(guò)對(duì)周圍環(huán)境細(xì)致入微的觀察和深入訪談對(duì)這片干旱地區(qū)的歷史文脈和城市綠化的當(dāng)代價(jià)值進(jìn)行了“深描”。作者將白色和米色視為巴林的環(huán)境色，并認(rèn)為正是這兩種色彩構(gòu)成并維持著城市中的綠色空間。這部跨學(xué)科的著作定位于景觀、城市研究和人類學(xué)的交叉領(lǐng)域，期冀為學(xué)術(shù)界和更廣泛的受眾提供一種理解景觀中的城市生活，以及“綠色”如何在其中發(fā)揮作用的范式。

關(guān)鍵詞

景觀與城市生活；田野工作；色彩；綠色；城市國(guó)家；可持續(xù)性

ABSTRACT

What is the agency of color in comprehending urban landscape space? How could we use ethnography and fieldwork as a method of design research? Why is Design Anthropology considered an emerging field bridging description and action? The color of green in urban environments is sometimes not that green environmentally. This review targets the book Paradoxes of Green: Landscapes of a City-State in which this paradox can be well observed in an arid city-state—Bahrain of the Gulf region. Based on a year-long fieldwork informed by walking, the author Gareth Doherty read the layers of green and different hues in Bahrain’s urban landscape. With nuanced observations and encounters, Doherty interpreted a thick description of this arid geography, its cultural history and the present values of greening the city. The book considers white and beige the environmental colors to facilitate the possibilities of green in Bahrain. Situated in Landscape Architecture, Urban Studies, and Anthropology, this multidisciplinary piece of work would inform both academics and broader audience on understanding the urbanism of landscape around us and how “green” plays the role in it.

KEYWORDS 

Urbanism; Landscape; Fieldwork; Color; Green; City-State; Sustainability

降低污染和洪水威脅：

以美國(guó)特拉華州威爾明頓市布蘭迪萬(wàn)溪周邊環(huán)境修復(fù)為例

Reducing Threats From Contamination and Flood Damage: 

Restoring the Brandywine Creek Edge in Wilmington, Delaware, USA

作者：蓋倫·紐曼，蔡鎮(zhèn)航，詹妮弗·霍尼，呂吳琦  Galen NEWMAN, CAI Zhenhang, Jennifer HORNEY, LYU Wuqi

摘要

近年來(lái)，人們愈發(fā)關(guān)注公共衛(wèi)生，以及因洪水災(zāi)害和環(huán)境污染而產(chǎn)生的有毒物質(zhì)的遷移與轉(zhuǎn)化問(wèn)題。設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)劃人員也一直在努力探索能夠有效應(yīng)對(duì)此類問(wèn)題的解決方案，期望通過(guò)合適的定量方法評(píng)估相關(guān)方案的影響。

本文以美國(guó)威明頓市布蘭迪萬(wàn)溪周邊一處面積約為52.6hm2的場(chǎng)地為例，識(shí)別了場(chǎng)地所在街區(qū)當(dāng)前面臨的問(wèn)題和需求：自20世紀(jì)中葉以來(lái)，場(chǎng)地經(jīng)歷了高度的工業(yè)化發(fā)展，除洪水威脅外，附近工業(yè)用地、棕地及合流污水管道中的污染物也會(huì)隨洪水遷移至場(chǎng)地中，極大影響了人們的健康和生活質(zhì)量。鑒于此，項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)了一套分階段實(shí)施的總體規(guī)劃方案，以期減少雨洪徑流并去除污染物，同時(shí)將場(chǎng)地中現(xiàn)有的棕地改造為環(huán)境優(yōu)美的綠地，鼓勵(lì)更具韌性的場(chǎng)地開(kāi)發(fā)舉措。

具體設(shè)計(jì)策略分為地形重塑、引入綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和清除污染物三個(gè)步驟。方案計(jì)劃將場(chǎng)地劃分為廢水處理及顏料制造區(qū)、商業(yè)區(qū)、藝術(shù)家聚集區(qū)和濱河綠地四個(gè)區(qū)域，各區(qū)域采取不同的污水處理和洪水緩解策略。此外，項(xiàng)目還期望通過(guò)增加住宅類型及居住人口的多樣性，增進(jìn)公眾與布蘭迪萬(wàn)溪的互動(dòng)。

而后，項(xiàng)目應(yīng)用長(zhǎng)期水文影響評(píng)價(jià)（L-THIA）模型來(lái)衡量設(shè)計(jì)方案的影響和績(jī)效。L-THIA模型是一種空間建模工具，可以估算以往或未來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)方案中雨水補(bǔ)給、雨水徑流和非點(diǎn)源污染量的變化。項(xiàng)目利用L-THIA模型評(píng)估土地利用現(xiàn)狀、城市現(xiàn)行土地利用規(guī)劃及本研究中提出的總體規(guī)劃方案的土地利用和污染物清除情況，即將不同區(qū)域的土地利用類型及其面積和相關(guān)土壤類型輸入L-THIA模型中，估算不同污染物的負(fù)荷。結(jié)果顯示，相較土地利用現(xiàn)狀，本項(xiàng)目提出的總體規(guī)劃方案能夠更有效地減少雨水徑流和污染負(fù)荷——雨水徑流將減少約24.35%，污染物去除量將增加38.08%。

關(guān)鍵詞

綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；景觀績(jī)效；洪水韌性；污染；暴雨；L-THIA模型；方案評(píng)估

ABSTRACT

Located in Wilmington, Delaware, along the shoreline of the Brandywine Creek in the Greater Philadelphia/Delaware River Watershed, this project responds to a specific and critical need for the site as prioritized by multiple stakeholders. The project applies an innovative approach for quantifying increased flood resilience while simultaneously reducing contamination levels through the implementation of green infrastructure. To solve joint issues related to increased flood risk concurrent with higher potential for exposure to environmental contaminants transported in flood waters from adjacent industrial sites, brownfields, and combined sewer overflows, the research team develops a phased approach to decreasing stormwater runoff and pollutant loads on a 130-acre (52.6 hm2) site along the Brandywine Creek, applying the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model to quantify design impacts and performance of a master plan. Overall, the proposed master plan can reduce stormwater runoff and pollutant loads to levels significantly less than existing conditions or the current land use plan. Further, this research is unique in that it uses outputs from the L-THIA to compare existing conditions, effects of the current comprehensive plan, and impacts related to the proposed neighborhood-scaled master plan to evaluate the effectiveness between each scenario.

KEYWORDS 

Green Infrastructure; Landscape Performance; Flood Resilience; Contamination; Stormwater; L-THIA; Master Plan Assessment

舞臺(tái)布景——多視角設(shè)計(jì)研究

Mise-en-Scène—Design Research Through Multiple Lenses

作者：克里斯·里德，艾麗?！べ囂?nbsp; Chris REED, Alysoun WRIGHT

摘要

《舞臺(tái)布景：城市景觀的當(dāng)下與未來(lái)》項(xiàng)目以書(shū)籍的形式向我們呈現(xiàn)了其設(shè)計(jì)研究成果，促使人們從更多視角去認(rèn)識(shí)出版物和信息交流的全新作用，以及景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)科與我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹木o密聯(lián)系。該項(xiàng)目展示了洛杉磯、加爾維斯頓、圣路易斯、綠灣、安阿伯、底特律和波士頓這七個(gè)美國(guó)城市中的人和人們的生活場(chǎng)景。

本項(xiàng)目的亮點(diǎn)主要包括以下四個(gè)方面。1）信息交流：《舞臺(tái)布景》源自19世紀(jì)下半葉景觀設(shè)計(jì)師與攝影師合作項(xiàng)目的傳統(tǒng)。不同于一般的設(shè)計(jì)專著，本項(xiàng)目的傳播媒介和信息來(lái)源多樣、行文用詞簡(jiǎn)單易懂，并且聚焦于當(dāng)代人們所關(guān)心的日常生活問(wèn)題，力求覆蓋更廣泛的受眾。2）組織方式：《舞臺(tái)布景》以七個(gè)城市的地理位置為序（由西向東），每個(gè)城市獨(dú)立成章，從不同的尺度探索和描繪城市的方方面面，展示內(nèi)容包括由設(shè)計(jì)師、活動(dòng)家和生態(tài)學(xué)家等提供的照片、圖紙、模型、草圖、短文、文摘，以及社區(qū)活動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)報(bào)。借由靈活的敘事結(jié)構(gòu)，本書(shū)期望激發(fā)讀者關(guān)于城市、景觀項(xiàng)目和體驗(yàn)的更多思考。3）多元視角：書(shū)中記錄了對(duì)Stoss景觀城市主義工作室項(xiàng)目的反思——如何觀察、調(diào)查和參與城市景觀，并試圖提供更加多樣的觀點(diǎn)，它們或可互補(bǔ)、或可復(fù)合，也或許相互矛盾?！段枧_(tái)布景》旨在拋出問(wèn)題、激發(fā)靈感，而非提出明確的解決方案。4）提供機(jī)遇：本項(xiàng)目以設(shè)計(jì)研究的形式在反映當(dāng)下問(wèn)題的同時(shí)提出了潛在的前進(jìn)方向，其本身即是一種整合跨學(xué)科觀點(diǎn)并面向公眾的新模式。

本項(xiàng)目記錄了克里斯·里德和Stoss景觀城市主義工作室的眾多實(shí)踐和研究項(xiàng)目，展示了如何在不同尺度（從一條長(zhǎng)凳到整個(gè)城市），通過(guò)空間設(shè)計(jì)解決塑造和影響了當(dāng)代城市及城市景觀的問(wèn)題。與此同時(shí)，麥克·貝勒姆的攝影作品聚焦人與人之間的聯(lián)系（而非設(shè)計(jì)本身），以此展示城市景觀中所發(fā)生的瑣碎日常和對(duì)景觀令人意想不到的使用方式。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市景觀；公共空間；城市；攝影；景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)；交流

ABSTRACT

Mise-en-Scène is a design research project in the form of a book that expands the ways in which we think about the creative roles of publication and communication, and about our connections as a discipline to the issues and world around us. Taking from its title, Mise-en-Scène is an arrangement of the actors and sceneries that constitute our cities and lives.

This project is characterized by four features. Communication—Distinct from a design monograph, Mise-en-Scène is a collaboration between landscape architect Chris Reed and photojournalist Mike Belleme, directed towards a general audience. Arrangement—An arrangement of photographs, drawings, models, sketches, essays, literary excerpts, and community engagement quotes from designers, activists, and ecologists, offering greater multiplicity to the narrative and provoking new associations across cities, projects, and experiences. Perspective—A reflection of how Stoss Landscape Urbanism observes, investigates, and engages with our urban landscapes. Opportunity—Mise-en-Scène puts forth a new model of integrating interdisciplinary perspectives, as well as public audiences, within the formation of design research.

Built and speculative works, from Reed and the practice of Stoss, spatialize how these conditions coalesce—whether at the scale of a bench or the entirety of the city fabric. And through a foregrounding of human connection, rather than design, Belleme’s photography elucidates both the quotidian and fantastical occupation of these urban landscapes.

KEYWORDS

Urban Landscapes; Public Space; Cities; Photography; Landscape Architecture; Communication

“現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室”：設(shè)計(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)的研究

Laboratories of the Field: Inquiry by Design

作者：艾米·懷特塞德斯，陳崢能  Amy WHITESIDES, Albert Zhengneng CHEN

摘要

在景觀設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域，設(shè)計(jì)研究經(jīng)常在生態(tài)、社會(huì)和政治體系中依照各體系中相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)言、要求和限制條件構(gòu)建本學(xué)科的學(xué)術(shù)話語(yǔ)體系。本文通過(guò)對(duì)Stoss景觀都市主義工作室進(jìn)行的多項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明，闡釋了Stoss如何在不斷變化的環(huán)境中，利用材料和場(chǎng)地作為設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，以此解決景觀設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目中的實(shí)際問(wèn)題。通過(guò)建造小尺度裝置和花園，Stoss在場(chǎng)地上測(cè)試設(shè)計(jì)想法，以此為后續(xù)項(xiàng)目提供適用的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。與此同時(shí)，根據(jù)場(chǎng)地條件和變量的特點(diǎn)，Stoss模擬了生態(tài)動(dòng)態(tài)和社會(huì)中使用者活動(dòng)情景，為解決不同尺度的設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目提供公眾交流和調(diào)查方法。本文將Stoss的日常景觀實(shí)踐中的設(shè)計(jì)研究的項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)總結(jié)為三個(gè)小節(jié)：1）通過(guò)小尺度裝置和花園試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目思路；2）將會(huì)隨時(shí)間推移而變化的環(huán)境和社會(huì)動(dòng)態(tài)融入到設(shè)計(jì)研究方向中，甚至將其作為工具，解決城市環(huán)境中的問(wèn)題；3）利用數(shù)字化制造的技術(shù)將生物材料打造為可觸碰的介質(zhì)，探索新穎、創(chuàng)新的設(shè)計(jì)。

本文以幾個(gè)Stoss早期設(shè)計(jì)或落地的項(xiàng)目為案例，突出項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程。例如在“裝置”一節(jié)中，加拿大魁北克盛大梅蒂斯國(guó)際花園節(jié)的“安全區(qū)”、美國(guó)馬薩諸塞州的哈佛大學(xué)拉德克利夫院子的“原料堆”和西丹尼斯的巴斯河公園項(xiàng)目，這三個(gè)實(shí)踐在解決了技術(shù)難題的同時(shí)，收集材料并測(cè)試其效果，還通過(guò)項(xiàng)目建立起社會(huì)或生態(tài)互動(dòng)。這些項(xiàng)目可為未來(lái)進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目提供動(dòng)力，甚至這些簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)想法可以發(fā)展為更大尺度的設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目。在“動(dòng)態(tài)”一節(jié)中，美國(guó)劍橋市的三角公園和哈佛廣場(chǎng)、安阿伯市的杰斯塔克樹(shù)林和波士頓的莫克利公園均利用了動(dòng)畫(huà)和編程，進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)與交流。這些技術(shù)可不斷模擬該場(chǎng)地隨時(shí)間演變的狀態(tài)?！昂闷嫘摹币还?jié)重點(diǎn)介紹了菌絲體，一種可以形成蘑菇根部的生物材料在設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。上述思路和工具的使用為設(shè)計(jì)研究傳統(tǒng)的目的和方法提供了一個(gè)新的視角，并進(jìn)一步討論了設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)如何在這種新的研究形式中發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用，以及相關(guān)研究結(jié)果如何解決未來(lái)可能出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。

關(guān)鍵詞

設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)；景觀設(shè)計(jì)；過(guò)程；動(dòng)態(tài)；動(dòng)畫(huà)；城市森林；花園

ABSTRACT

In the field of Landscape Architecture, design as research has been frequently addressed in the academic discourse. This article provides a snapshot of how design practice at Stoss Landscape Urbanism contributes to the discourse through applied practice and implementation as a research enquiry into the dynamics of and human response to the everchanging environment. This “design as research” in daily practice emerges as three episodes: 1) demonstration of ideas through experimentations and garden installations; 2) environmental and social dynamics as both research interests and tools with which to tackle challenges in urban environments and change over time; and 3) digital fabrication with biological materials as a tactile media to explore curiosity and creativity in design. The use of these tactics and tools offers a fresh perspective on the conventional definition of research and the methods and means through which designers continue to develop and test innovative solutions to social and environmental challenges. Looking retrospectively at the progression of applied research and its influence on projects across scales, Stoss provides insights into design process and reinforces the importance of continued exploration and testing within design practice. 

KEYWORDS

Design Experimentation; Landscape Architecture; Processes; Dynamics; Animation Tools; Urban Forest; Garden