《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2022年第3期 全齡友好與包容性城市

以法治的力量，推進(jìn)全齡友好與包容性城市建設(shè)

Advance the Construction of Inclusive Cities for All via Statutory Powers

（呂世明，《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2022年第3期“主編寄語”）

2022年10月27日，《中華人民共和國無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)法（草案）》（以下簡稱“草案”）提請十三屆全國人大常委會第三十七次會議第二次全體會議審議，這是我國首次就無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)制定專門性法律，標(biāo)志著我國無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)立法進(jìn)入實(shí)質(zhì)性推進(jìn)階段。我本人作為全國人大常委會委員親歷審議全過程，深切感受到全過程人民民主的中國特色社會主義法治體系的優(yōu)越制度和實(shí)踐偉力，銘刻著一種新時代新征程的使命責(zé)任和歷史擔(dān)當(dāng)。

無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)立法是國之大事、民之幸事，與人民群眾對美好生活的向往息息相關(guān)。無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)是實(shí)現(xiàn)“全齡友好”和“包容性”社會的重要條件，也是城市建設(shè)與發(fā)展的重要內(nèi)容。在人類社會的發(fā)展中，不斷滿足各年齡段人群的需求才是構(gòu)建和諧社會生活的本原。因此，“全齡友好”“包容性”和“無障礙”與城市更新、城市體檢、城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)發(fā)展的“可持續(xù)”相輔相成、相向并行、不可分割。高質(zhì)量、高品質(zhì)無障礙環(huán)境家園更是為人人所想、人人所盼、人人樂享?！短一ㄔ从洝分忻枥L的“黃發(fā)垂髫，并怡然自樂”的那種理想生活境界，期盼能在全齡友好與包容性城市建設(shè)中得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。

“全齡友好與包容性城市”必定是溫馨溫暖的。在本次審議的草案中，提出“有無障礙需求的社會成員”的概念，將無障礙環(huán)境受益人群的范圍擴(kuò)大，這是無障礙理念意識的更新和升華，是社會文明進(jìn)步的飛躍。如今，無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)已絕不僅僅是為殘障群體的“特惠”，而是面向所有人的“普惠”，這為城市建設(shè)與發(fā)展指明了方向。在保障殘疾人、老年人等重點(diǎn)需求人群的基礎(chǔ)上，無障礙環(huán)境必將更好地惠及和服務(wù)于社會全體成員。特別是在我國人口老齡化進(jìn)程加速和“多孩”生育政策實(shí)施的背景下，“一老一小”成為全社會關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)，而“一老一小”涉及所有人的家庭。因此，每個人都將成為無障礙環(huán)境的受益者。

“全齡友好與包容性城市”必定是可及可達(dá)的。無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)不僅體現(xiàn)在普惠的、高品質(zhì)的公共服務(wù)需求上，也體現(xiàn)在對特殊需求的特色或個性化的服務(wù)之中，讓所有人都能享有無障礙環(huán)境帶來的安全和便捷，都能在需要的時候獲得貼心的關(guān)愛，從而達(dá)到從“全齡友好”到“全生命周期”的呵護(hù)，維護(hù)人民的尊嚴(yán)和權(quán)益，讓人民的獲得感、幸福感和安全感更加充實(shí)、更有保障、更可持續(xù)。因此，“全齡友好與包容性城市”建設(shè)中的無障礙環(huán)境要堅持“通用設(shè)計”的理念，并提升設(shè)計的系統(tǒng)性、全面性、連續(xù)性和科學(xué)性，讓所有人都能無障礙暢享整座城市的每一條道路、每一座建筑、每一片綠地……讓幸?？杉翱蛇_(dá)，讓美好無所不在。

“全齡友好與包容性城市”必定是舒適自由的。高質(zhì)量發(fā)展是全面建設(shè)社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家的主題和首要任務(wù)，宜居宜業(yè)宜行宜游宜樂的無障礙環(huán)境是“全齡友好與包容性城市”的建設(shè)目標(biāo)。黨中央高度重視無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)，我國無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)伴隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會文明的發(fā)展同樣取得了顯著成就，社會成員感知感受的無障礙環(huán)境滲透于日常生活產(chǎn)生的非凡價值和明顯變化有目共睹。然而，當(dāng)前還存在諸多亟待解決的問題：在城市更新中，大量的新建改建項目亟需高質(zhì)量的無障礙專業(yè)化指導(dǎo)；城鄉(xiāng)面臨大量的適老化工程、老舊小區(qū)改造、兒童友好型環(huán)境建設(shè)、家庭無障礙改造等涉及人民群眾“急難愁盼”的問題，這些都需要加大力度解決。住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)部頒布的相關(guān)強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是“及時雨”，將有力促進(jìn)建設(shè)工程在規(guī)劃、設(shè)計、施工、監(jiān)理、驗(yàn)收各個環(huán)節(jié)落實(shí)無障礙要求，對于促進(jìn)無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)普惠式發(fā)展、高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，提升城鄉(xiāng)無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)普及度意義重大。

新時代的無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)在繼續(xù)解決“有沒有”的同時，更要努力解決“好不好”“管不管用”的問題。因此，無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)立法，立足國情實(shí)際，與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展水平相適應(yīng)，對涉及社會生活方方面面的無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)規(guī)范和要求作出規(guī)定，讓無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)永遠(yuǎn)成為社會發(fā)展中的“必答題”，而不是“選擇題”，并給出明確的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)“答案”。對于“全齡友好與包容性城市”建設(shè)，我們只有以“平等、融合、共享”的理念，一絲不茍、毫不怠慢、履約守法地全面高質(zhì)量、高品質(zhì)推進(jìn)無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)，落實(shí)無障礙設(shè)計的各項要求，嚴(yán)把設(shè)計、施工、驗(yàn)收各項關(guān)口，才能無愧于時代、無愧于人民、無愧于自己身上的這份擔(dān)子，在實(shí)際工作崗位上作出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。

On October 27, 2022, the Act on Accessible Environment Construction of the People’s Republic of China (Draft) was reviewed at the Second Plenary Session of the 37th Meeting of the 13th Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. This is the first law special for the construction of accessible environments in China, indicating the country’s big advance in in legislation progress of such constructions. As a member of the Standing Committee, I witnessed the reviewing process of the Draft, recognizing the strengths of Chinese system of socialist rule of law and its practice.

Legislation on accessible environment construction is a national agenda that matters the people’s aspirations for a better life and will benefit all the people. As an essential component to urban development and the improvement of urban environments, accessible environment construction would better ensure the building of inclusive cities for all. In contemporary societies, it is essential to satisfy the needs of citizens of all ages so as to advance the construction of a harmonious society. In this sense, a city being “friendly to all ages,” “inclusive,” and “accessible” is as important as being “sustainable” in urban renewal and urban-rural development. Only in this way, can we build a quality urban environment for everyone—an ideal world as depicted in the Peach Blossom Spring.

An inclusive city for all should be warm. The Draft proposes to expand the covering population towards all members of the society with accessibility needs. This would enrich and update the connotations of related concepts and ideas, representing a milestone of China’s social civilization. Today, accessible environments are no longer “exclusively” created for the disabled, but “inclusively” designed for all—not only meeting the demands of vulnerable groups (the disabled, the elderly, etc.), but also better satisfying the use and experiences of all individuals. As population aging accelerates and a series of policies released to encourage childbirth in China, how to guarantee the use of urban environments to both the elderly and children now becomes a concern to most Chinese families, to the extent that everyone can benefit from the construction of accessible environments.

An inclusive city for all should be accessible. Accessible environments provide not only inclusive generic public services, but also special services for people who might need. A safe and convenient environment shall be accessible to all when needed, providing care for all individuals at different stages of life. With their dignity protected and rights guaranteed, people will attain a more complete and lasting sense of fulfillment, happiness, and security. Therefore, the construction of accessible environments should adopt more systematic, comprehensive, continuing, and scientific universal design that can ensure everyone’s access to all roads, buildings, green spaces, etc. Lovely urban spaces shall be readily accessible to everyone.

An inclusive city for all should be comfortable and open. Quality urban development is the top goal to build China into a modern socialist country in all aspects. In the development of inclusive cities for all, it is critical to build accessible environments suitable for living, work, transport, travel, and recreation. Highly concerned by the central committee of CPC, the construction of accessible environments has realized remarkable achievements along with the social advance and economic growth. Perceivable and pervasive accessible environments have brought about significant convenience to our daily life. Still, many issues need to be addressed. Newly-built and renovated projects of urban renewal are in bad need of professional guidance in terms of the practice of accessible environment construction. We should also speed up to resolve urgent and challenging tasks, such as facility renewals for senior citizens, old residential community renovation, children-friendly environment construction, and accessible household transformation. Compulsory regulations timely issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development provide guidelines to realize accessible requirements of each project, ranging from planning, design, construction, and supervision to acceptance. This has contributed much to the broad promotion and high-quality development of accessible environments and the accessible design of urban-rural environments.

In the new era of China’s urbanization, the construction of accessible environments should be improved in quality and efficiency, in addition to availability. The Draft, developed upon China’s reality and the level of economic and social development, lists comprehensive regulations and requirements on the development of accessible environments. Thus, the construction of accessible environments should be an integral part of social development which needs feasible, high-standard solutions. Only guided by the principles of “equality, integration, and sharing,” can we—planners, designers, builders, managers, monitors, etc.—fulfill our duties to realize the envisioned accessible environments.

主編寄語

以法治的力量，推進(jìn)全齡友好與包容性城市建設(shè)（呂世明）

每個人都很重要——包容友好的城市空間營造（湯湃，董楠楠）

論文

基于扎根理論的城市公園游憩者包容性感知及影響因素研究（周兆森，林廣思）

天津市社區(qū)公園兒童與植物交互的自發(fā)游戲及環(huán)境特征研究（田靖雯，張秦英，李佳瀅，張博倫）

觀點(diǎn)與評論

從制圖－監(jiān)測－建模－管理視角談對城市綠地量化研究的八點(diǎn)思考（陳斌，Chris WEBSTER）

探索與過程

厄瓜多爾境內(nèi)安第斯山脈上的種植設(shè)計：回憶、韌性與再連接（Gabriela ARéVALO ALVEAR）

住宅如水：對香港吉澳漁村住宅類型的觀察與思考（蘇暢）

【中文刊名】《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】呂世明（LV Shiming），湯湃（TANG Pai），董楠楠（DONG Nannan），周兆森（ZHOU Zhaosen），林廣思（LIN Guangsi）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】94頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2022年6月

【定價】68.00元

每個人都很重要——包容友好的城市空間營造

Everyone Counts—Creating Inclusive and Friendly Urban Spaces

作者：湯湃，董楠楠  TANG Pai, DONG Nannan

摘要

城市中多元的社會群體在為城市的蓬勃發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)的同時，也享有城市提供的優(yōu)質(zhì)生活和豐富發(fā)展機(jī)會的權(quán)利。然而，包括老年人、兒童及其他特殊人群在內(nèi)的群體，在獲取城市資源、參與城市決策等方面往往處于弱勢地位。為共享城市發(fā)展成果，以全齡友好的視角推動城市以更加包容的姿態(tài)關(guān)注弱勢群體的需求、權(quán)益和福利，逐漸成為美好城市發(fā)展的重要目標(biāo)。作者認(rèn)為，包容友好的城市空間營造既要求景觀設(shè)計從業(yè)人員工作方法的精進(jìn)，更要求其設(shè)計理念的革新。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市空間營造；包容性城市；共享服務(wù)；弱勢群體；老幼群體；

Abstract

While making contributions to the prosperity of cities, diverse population groups have the equal right to enjoy quality urban life. However, senior citizens, children, and the disabled are vulnerable when it comes to the access to urban resources and the participation of city’s decision-making. To make the well-beings brought by urban development available to all, it is essential for a city to be inclusive by paying more attention to the needs, benefits, and rights of the disadvantaged groups. The authors believe that the creation of inclusive and friendly urban spaces requires not only new design methods and approaches, but also changes of design philosophy and mindset.

Keywords

Creation of Urban Spaces; Inclusive City; Shared Benefits; Vulnerable and Disadvantaged Groups; Children and Seniors; Public Participation

基于扎根理論的城市公園游憩者包容性感知及影響因素研究

Research on the Influencing Factors of Users’ Perception of the Inclusiveness of Urban Parks Based on the Grounded Theory

作者：周兆森，林廣思  ZHOU Zhaosen, LIN Guangsi

摘要

城市公園包容性的塑造能夠切實(shí)保障不同類別游憩者——尤其是弱勢群體——的游憩機(jī)會與游憩體驗(yàn)，也是達(dá)成城市綠地景觀公正的重要途徑。本研究以探究游憩者對城市公園包容性主觀感知與評價的影響因素為目標(biāo)，通過扎根理論的方法，對城市公園游憩者與管理者、風(fēng)景園林研究者與設(shè)計師進(jìn)行訪談數(shù)據(jù)的收集，經(jīng)過對數(shù)據(jù)資料的三級編碼及分析，發(fā)展出場地條件感知、場地使用情況、可獨(dú)立出行性、空間與設(shè)施的供需匹配、游憩干擾與限制、積極的情感體驗(yàn)、廣泛的社會參與、場所的精神認(rèn)同等8個影響游憩者對城市公園包容性感知的主范疇及其30個構(gòu)成因子，共同構(gòu)建了城市公園包容性感知影響因素模型。該模型顯示，游憩者的評價是基于對場地條件及使用情況的觀察和自身游憩體驗(yàn)兩個層面展開，后者同時涵蓋物理和心理兩個維度，它們可通過設(shè)計排斥的概念進(jìn)行解釋和歸納，物理環(huán)境品質(zhì)將影響游憩者精神與情感的變化。該模型明晰了包容性評價的路徑及關(guān)鍵因子，為今后以景觀公正為目標(biāo)的建設(shè)與發(fā)展提供了理論參考。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市綠地；景觀公正；社會公平；包容性設(shè)計；設(shè)計排斥；扎根理論；模型

Abstract

The improvement of the inclusiveness of urban parks can guarantee the recreational opportunities and experience of different user groups, especially the vulnerable ones, and is also an important way to promote the justice of urban green landscape. The research explores the influencing factors to park users’ perception and evaluation on the inclusiveness of urban parks. Through the three-level data coding and analysis, a model consisting of eight main categories (i.e. site conditions, site usage, independent mobility, supply-demand matching capacity of space and facilities, interference and limitation of recreational activities, positive emotional experience, broad social participation, and place identity) which cover 30 influencing factors to individuals’ perception of the inclusiveness of urban parks is established. The model shows that park users evaluate the inclusiveness of urban parks upon their observation of site conditions and usage, and their own recreational experience; while the latter is affected by both physical and psychological factors related to passive exclusion and active exclusion, according to the concept of design exclusion. The disparity of the physical environmental quality of urban parks would lead to users’ different emotions and feelings about recreational activities. The model helps clarify the path and key factors of inclusiveness evaluation and provides a theoretical reference for future research and practice of landscape justice.

Keywords

Urban Green Spaces; Landscape Justice; Social Equity; Inclusive Design; Design Exclusion; Grounded Theory; Model

天津市社區(qū)公園兒童與植物交互的自發(fā)游戲及環(huán)境特征研究

Research on Spontaneous Play and Environmental Characteristics Related to Children’s Interaction With Plants in Community Parks of Tianjin

作者：田靖雯，張秦英*，李佳瀅，張博倫  TIAN Jingwen, ZHANG Qinying, LI Jiaying, ZHANG Bolun

摘要

隨著包容性城市、兒童友好城市建設(shè)的興起，城市兒童的親自然權(quán)利受到廣泛關(guān)注。本研究以天津市中心城區(qū)的4個社區(qū)公園為例，依據(jù)認(rèn)知發(fā)展理論、兒童游戲相關(guān)理論、可供性理論等，通過行為觀察、行為注記、問卷調(diào)查、半結(jié)構(gòu)式訪談等方法收集兒童的游戲行為、記錄游戲發(fā)生時的植物信息及周邊環(huán)境信息，以探究3～12歲兒童與植物互動時的游戲類型偏好及對應(yīng)的植物環(huán)境特征。研究采用統(tǒng)計學(xué)中的計量分析、交叉表卡方檢驗(yàn)等，分析兒童開展各類游戲的頻數(shù)及不同植物個體、不同環(huán)境要素下植物各類可供性的發(fā)生情況，以及樣本人群在不同環(huán)境下開展游戲的具體情況等。結(jié)果顯示，在高密度城市環(huán)境中，兒童能夠發(fā)揮親自然天性，利用現(xiàn)有綠地特征，積極運(yùn)用植物的感知可供性、使用可供性和塑造可供性開展各類游戲。兒童與植物的交互游戲增加了其與自然的直接接觸，可初步滿足城市兒童日常生活中的自然體驗(yàn)需求。植物種類豐富、特色鮮明及周邊環(huán)境特征多樣的綠地空間，能夠激發(fā)更多的植物可供性。設(shè)計應(yīng)關(guān)注兒童天然、自發(fā)開展的游戲內(nèi)涵，針對特定空間類型滿足游戲需求、引入種類豐富且各具特色的植物、開發(fā)其他環(huán)境要素的輔助功能、引入挑戰(zhàn)與冒險游戲及增強(qiáng)安全與環(huán)境教育，促進(jìn)城市的公平性、包容性及可持續(xù)性發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞

兒童；社區(qū)公園；植物景觀；環(huán)境特征；自發(fā)游戲

Abstract

With the advance of inclusive city and child-friendly city construction, children’s opportunities to access nature have gained increasing concern. This study explored the play preference of children aged between 3 and 12 years old when they interact with plants, as well as the corresponding environmental characteristics, with four community parks in Tianjin as examples. It collected data on behaviors, plants, and environmental factors in the surroundings concerning children’s play with plants via multiple methods including behavioral observation, behavioral mapping, questionnaire, and semi-structured interview, which were examined under theories related to cognitive development, children’s play, and affordance. Employing methods such as quantitative analysis and cross tabulation analysis, the study further obtained the frequency of children’s various types of play and the affordance provided by different plants in varied environments, as well as the specific play behaviors in these environments. The findings show that due to the biophilic nature, children are able to actively make use of existing green spaces and utilize the perceived affordance, used affordance, and shaped affordance of plants to play various types of games in high-density urban environment. Children’s interaction/ play with plants increases their direct connection with nature and can basically meet their daily needs for natural experience; green spaces where there are plants with diverse species and characteristics and varied environmental factors in the surroundings can stimulate more plant affordances. Future landscape design should pay more attention to how to facilitate children’s natural and spontaneous play by creating diverse places for different play needs, introducing rich and distinctive plants, developing supporting functions of other environmental elements, encouraging challenging and adventurous play, and strengthening safety and environmental education.

Keywords

Children; Community Park; Plant Landscape; Environmental Characteristics; Spontaneous Play

從制圖－監(jiān)測－建模－管理視角談對城市綠地量化研究的八點(diǎn)思考

Eight Reflections on Quantitative Studies of Urban Green Space:

A Mapping-Monitoring-Modeling-Management (4M) Perspective

作者：陳斌，克里斯·韋伯斯特  CHEN Bin, Chris WEBSTER

摘要

綠地是城市環(huán)境的重要組成部分，為我們的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)文化活動提供了可觀的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)。既有研究已廣泛采用眾多旨在測度綠地供需關(guān)系，衡量可用性、可達(dá)性和可見度的指標(biāo)，以從局地到區(qū)域尺度評估可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)情況。本文中，作者總結(jié)了對城市綠地量化研究的八點(diǎn)思考，以期為景觀設(shè)計和規(guī)劃中的4M實(shí)踐——制圖（mapping）、監(jiān)測（monitoring）、建模（modeling）和管理（management）——提供指導(dǎo)，并激發(fā)將數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動研究轉(zhuǎn)化為科學(xué)干預(yù)措施的創(chuàng)新思維。八點(diǎn)思考包括：1）綠地制圖應(yīng)體現(xiàn)多屬性概念模型表征，包括數(shù)量、質(zhì)量、類型和結(jié)構(gòu)；2）綠地制圖的來源、手段和用途因定義、方法和尺度而異；3）城市綠地的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量受季節(jié)性物候條件影響；4）綠地時空數(shù)據(jù)立方體將有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)對城市綠地變化的近實(shí)時監(jiān)測；5）綠地覆蓋率能夠揭示綠地的供給情況，但綠地暴露度可通過建模的方式有效測度人口－綠地的供需關(guān)系；6）測量綠地暴露度時應(yīng)考慮空間、時間和社會差異；7）在制定綠化優(yōu)化方案時，景觀設(shè)計師和規(guī)劃師應(yīng)考慮生物物理、生物多樣性和健康效益；8）城市綠地管理策略應(yīng)著眼長遠(yuǎn)。最后，本文提出，以數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)為支撐的決策系統(tǒng)有助于指導(dǎo)和促進(jìn)城市綠地4M實(shí)踐。本文中的各項思考對城市綠地景觀設(shè)計、規(guī)劃和管理的研究、實(shí)踐和理論探索有著廣泛的意義，并共同構(gòu)成了一套可指導(dǎo)科研人員、決策者和從業(yè)者制定城市綠地最佳4M實(shí)踐戰(zhàn)略的原則。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市綠地；量化指標(biāo)；綠地供需；制圖－監(jiān)測－建模－管理框架；城市綠地正義

Abstract

Green space is an important component in urban environment, providing considerable ecosystem services to our socio-economic-cultural activities. Metrics designed to capture green space provision, supply and demand, measuring availability, accessibility, and visibility have been widely adopted to gauge progress toward achieving sustainable development goals from local to regional scales. In this article, we offer eight reflections on quantitative studies of urban green space for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management (4M) practices in landscape design and planning. The article’s objective is to stimulate fresh and innovative thinking in the conversion of data to interventions. Eight points are made: 1) Green space mapping should be characterized in a multi-attribute conceptual model, including quantity, quality, type, and structure; 2) green space mapping sources, methods, and uses vary by definitions, approaches, and scales; 3) phenology modifies seasonal quality and quantity of urban green space; 4) spatial and temporal green space data cubes will help realize the goal of near real-time monitoring of urban green space change; 5) green space coverage reveals green space supply, but green space exposure can capture effective demand via modeling the supply–demand relationships of human–green space; 6) green space exposure measures should account for spatial, temporal, and social differences; 7) greening optimization by landscape architects and planners should consider both biophysical, biodiversity, and health benefits; and 8) urban green space management should be strategized with a long-term view. Finally, we advocate data–science–decision support systems that can help guide and promote 4M practices of urban green space. These points of reflection have broad implications for research, practice, and theory of urban green landscape design, planning, and management, and altogether constitute a set of principles that can guide scientists, policy makers, and practitioners toward strategizing optimal 4M of urban green space.

Keywords

Urban Green Space; Quantitative Metrics; Green Space Supply–Demand; Mapping–Monitoring–Modeling–Management Framework; Justice of Urban Green Space

厄瓜多爾境內(nèi)安第斯山脈上的種植設(shè)計：回憶、韌性與再連接

Planting Design in the Ecuadorian Andes:

Memory, Resilience, and Re-Connection

作者：加布里埃拉·阿雷瓦洛·阿爾維亞爾  Gabriela ARéVALO ALVEAR

摘要

現(xiàn)代城市在不斷增長和演變，其發(fā)展擴(kuò)張逐漸侵入周圍環(huán)境，致使本土動植物物種向免受人類干擾的偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)遷徙。這就導(dǎo)致大都會往往會成為生物多樣性低、熱島效應(yīng)顯著、空氣質(zhì)量差、洪水頻發(fā)及地域特色缺失的灰色地帶。

厄瓜多爾基多市也面臨同樣的挑戰(zhàn)?；嗟靥幇驳谒股矫}的高海拔處，有著豐富的生物多樣性。但長期以來外來物種的引進(jìn)及苗木貿(mào)易中鄉(xiāng)土植物的不足，使得城市景觀多采用外來物種。

因此，為加深當(dāng)?shù)啬贻p一代對鄉(xiāng)土植物及社區(qū)和文化的了解，筆者與一位生物學(xué)家合作，發(fā)起了Nativus項目，以期在基多建造鄉(xiāng)土植物培育園。培育園的建造步驟包括：1）確定適宜在綠色屋頂和花園中種植的鄉(xiāng)土物種；2）尋找合適的鄉(xiāng)土植物，并利用扦插、播種等方式進(jìn)行培育；3）在綠色屋頂和花園中種植上述鄉(xiāng)土植物幼苗；4）研究鄉(xiāng)土植物的種植對周圍生物和環(huán)境的影響，包括是否產(chǎn)生了新的生物現(xiàn)象、對其他動植物的影響，以及整體環(huán)境的美學(xué)價值是否提高；5）通過宣傳教育，推動全社區(qū)居民積極參與種植和觀察鄉(xiāng)土植物，提升對鄉(xiāng)土植物重要性的認(rèn)識。

依據(jù)上述步驟，項目團(tuán)隊已在基多建造了兩處鄉(xiāng)土花園，居民們可以在花園中穿行，近距離觀察鄉(xiāng)土植物。同時，訪客還可以記錄花園中被鄉(xiāng)土植物吸引而來的各種鳥類和傳粉昆蟲，獲取珍貴的一手資料。一段時間之后，這些富有生命力的小花園將逐漸形成完整的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，除了用于植物觀察與學(xué)習(xí)，亦可作為人們與自然重新連接或冥想的場所。

這種鄉(xiāng)土花園能夠推動建設(shè)更加可持續(xù)的城市，有助于將鄉(xiāng)土植物物種重新引入城市環(huán)境和當(dāng)代景觀，也可幫助人們重新認(rèn)識周圍的自然環(huán)境、鄉(xiāng)土植物，并將不斷積累的對自然世界認(rèn)知持續(xù)傳承下去。

關(guān)鍵詞

鄉(xiāng)土植物物種；試驗(yàn)園；植物觀察；安第斯山脈；厄瓜多爾

Abstract

Modern cities are constantly growing and evolving. This expansion of urban development bleeds into the surrounding landscapes, causing the displacement and disturbance of native plant and animal species to remote areas where topography limits human access. As a result, metropolitan areas often become gray places with low biodiversity, elevated temperatures, poor air quality, flood issues, and lack of a local identity. Quito, Ecuador is one of the cities facing this important challenge. Perched high in the Andes, Quito is a place of great biodiversity, nevertheless the constructed landscapes are dominated by introduced species due to colonization and to the lack of availability of native species in the nursery trade. This article walks through the creation of a native nursery in Quito and the implementation of initial trial plots, a green roof, and a garden. It explains the discoveries made during the process and provides directions for future goals to reintroduce native plant species into urban environments and contemporary landscapes in order to create more sustainable cities. The goal is to help people reconnect with their natural heritage and to learn about native plants to ensure the continuity of ancestral knowledge of the natural world for future generations.

Keywords

Native Plant Species; Trial Garden; Plant Observation; Andes Mountains; Ecuador

住宅如水：

對香港吉澳漁村住宅類型的觀察與思考

Houses Like Water:

Observations and Reflections on House Types of Kat O Fishing Village in Hong Kong

作者：蘇暢  SU Chang

摘要

《水漾之家：香港漁村故事》是一次結(jié)合研究、策展和設(shè)計的合作計劃。研究聚焦大澳、吉澳和布袋澳三個漁村，通過挖掘疍家人的文化及其生活和建造的“流動”狀態(tài)，理解建筑、地理與人文環(huán)境的關(guān)系，從“水”的視野重新審視香港這座城市。本文關(guān)注研究團(tuán)隊近期對吉澳漁村住宅的觀察，通過記錄居民依地形和水環(huán)境對住宅進(jìn)行加建的現(xiàn)象，探討一種適應(yīng)水陸雙重環(huán)境的“雙棲住宅”的可能。

本研究所聚焦的疍家人聚居的吉澳漁村坐落于山丘和大海之間的一小片平坦陸地上。自1951年以來，吉澳漁村所在的沙頭角地區(qū)一直受到較為嚴(yán)格的發(fā)展限制，建成環(huán)境范圍較小，大部分區(qū)域保留了自然的地理環(huán)境。本文重點(diǎn)探討了吉澳漁村中隨處可見的非正式臨時建筑，通過重新繪制房屋形態(tài)并深入剖析其形式結(jié)構(gòu)，探尋這些看似無序的表象背后的邏輯。通過反思朱利安·斯圖爾特的“文化生態(tài)學(xué)”方法，本文試圖剖析吉澳漁村住宅背后隱藏的建造模式，最終揭示由此產(chǎn)生的與地理相結(jié)合的建造與生活文化。

吉澳漁村經(jīng)歷了由山麓向街道兩側(cè)、再向?yàn)I水區(qū)域發(fā)展的過程。研究團(tuán)隊通過圖像繪制、記錄和分類等工作，呈現(xiàn)了吉澳漁村建筑的一種“流動”狀態(tài)——雖具有物理實(shí)存的特性，卻難以捉摸其既有形式或純粹的美學(xué)定式。研究期望通過民族志的視角解讀香港城郊海岸住宅及其建筑類型，從時間特性——而非傳統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)材料——來重新思考住宅的物質(zhì)特性，重新認(rèn)識建筑與自然之間的辯證關(guān)系，從而將水陸之間的空間作為一種激發(fā)建筑轉(zhuǎn)型和公眾參與的媒介，為利用景觀途徑進(jìn)行可持續(xù)建筑設(shè)計提供新思路。

關(guān)鍵詞

香港；漁村；疍家人；漁民住宅；水陸關(guān)系；水漾之家

Abstract

Liquid Homes: Building, Living and Other Stories of Hong Kong Fishing Villages is a research, curatorial, and design collaboration that explores the culture of Tanka people and their fluid state of living and building, presenting stories from a long overdue reading of the other Hong Kong. This essay, as an ongoing work, intends to reflect on our recent observations of the houses in Kat O fishing village by documenting the self-built additions in relation to the surrounding topography and water environment. These findings evoke an understanding of houses as “amphibious creatures” of hybrid qualities riding on the seams between land and water, and denote the notion of homes as “fluid entities”—physical yet elusive, subject to the floating identity of the community. The research intends to offer an ethnographic reading of Hong Kong coastal settlements and their building typologies, rethink building materialities by their temporal qualities and beyond the physical matter, and imagine a renewed reading on the dialectical relation between the built and the natural, and propose new ways to design sustainable architecture through the landscape.

Keywords

Hong Kong; Fishing Village; Tanka People; Fishermen Houses; Water-Land Relationship; Liquid Homes