《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2022年第5期 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)與景觀實踐

無形的紐帶：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)與景觀實踐

Intangible Bonds: Cultural Ecosystem Services and Landscape Practices

（文晨，徐海韻，托比亞斯·普利寧格，《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》2022年第5期“主編寄語”）

自古以來，人類與自然密不可分。我們改造、塑造自然，以滿足自身的需求和欲望；自然是我們的靈感與平和之源，并如此深刻地影響了人類社會，以至于我們對其產(chǎn)生了強烈的情感依戀，將之嵌入文化與觀念中，踐行于我們的人居環(huán)境建設(shè)。然而，當今社會的快速演變正在撼動這種人與自然聯(lián)系的基石，技術(shù)的進步、社會價值觀的轉(zhuǎn)變，以及不斷增長的人口需求都在沖擊著我們與自然間的聯(lián)系。這些改變的速度之快，已令長期以來維系人類生存的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)無法承載。展望未來，我們需要發(fā)展新的途徑來理解和珍視自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與人類文化依戀之間的復(fù)雜關(guān)系，并思考如何通過景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計實踐使這二者間的紐帶關(guān)系更加可持續(xù)。

景觀設(shè)計學(xué)既關(guān)注自然的生態(tài)價值，也關(guān)注其文化和社會價值。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)（Cultural Ecosystem Services）是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)為人類社會帶來的非物質(zhì)裨益與福祉，包括自然游憩、審美體驗、場所感知、文化遺產(chǎn)、靈感啟迪等^[1]。作為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的重要組成部分，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)在休閑游憩、精神療愈，以及維護文化多樣性和特有性等方面都發(fā)揮著不可或缺的作用。《千年生態(tài)系統(tǒng)評估》（Millennium Ecosystem Assessment）指出，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)評估能揭示生態(tài)系統(tǒng)動態(tài)變化對人類福祉的影響，理解自然與人類社會的聯(lián)系與相互作用，并促進可持續(xù)發(fā)展。如今，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)理論逐漸成為景觀規(guī)劃的支撐理論之一，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)也備受國內(nèi)外景觀實踐者的關(guān)注，主要議題包括如何通過有效的規(guī)劃設(shè)計實踐來理解復(fù)雜的人地關(guān)系、評估規(guī)劃方案、協(xié)調(diào)不同的利益相關(guān)方，以及有效回應(yīng)社會問題等^[2]。

近年來，中國與世界多地都在經(jīng)歷高速城鎮(zhèn)化，人口結(jié)構(gòu)、生活方式及審美偏好等方面也發(fā)生著快速變化。這些變化深刻改變了人類行為，也影響了人地關(guān)系：居住形式、出行習慣、人口分布、家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的改變影響了我們與景觀之間的聯(lián)系，重構(gòu)了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)和人類的供需關(guān)系，也促使我們關(guān)注老年人、兒童、城市新移民、農(nóng)村留守人員等不同的社會群體。與此同時，人們在景觀感知、審美偏好、自然游憩風尚、生活方式等方面的變化——例如共享單車的廣泛使用、社交媒體和短視頻的流行、網(wǎng)紅地打卡現(xiàn)象——也影響了我們對景觀和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)的理解^[3][4]。

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)的內(nèi)涵決定了其具有橋接景觀實踐與社會變化的潛力，可為景觀設(shè)計學(xué)科提供一個審視人地關(guān)系的多學(xué)科視角。相關(guān)理論、方法和工具也能幫助從業(yè)者更好地開展景觀解讀、評估、規(guī)劃設(shè)計與管理工作^[2][5]。在本期中，我們將從理論、方法等維度探討生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)與景觀實踐的關(guān)系。相關(guān)研究議題包括建設(shè)“全域旅游”背景下區(qū)域尺度的游憩潛力預(yù)測、運用網(wǎng)絡(luò)評論數(shù)據(jù)對城市公園進行生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)的感知測定和評估，以及景觀設(shè)計師在兒童早期自然教育中扮演的角色等。本期還呈現(xiàn)了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)這一理論的發(fā)展歷程，以及為什么新技術(shù)和新概念的引入能夠幫助它進一步演化。此外，來自夏威夷的案例表明，在經(jīng)年累月的環(huán)境和社會危機下，景觀設(shè)計專業(yè)應(yīng)通過重塑生態(tài)和文化的關(guān)系，建設(shè)一個自主決定、公平和具有韌性的未來。

For generations, humans have been intrinsically tied to the natural world, modifying and molding it to suit our needs and desires. Nature has been a source of inspiration and peace to us, influencing our cultures and beliefs, and creating a strong emotional attachment to the natural world. However, our society’s fast evolution is testing the very foundations of this connection. Technological advancements, social values shifts, and the increasing demands of a growing population have all combined to push the boundaries of our contact with nature. The pace at which these changes are taking place is even exceeding the ecosystems that have sustained us for so long. As we look ahead, it is becoming evident that we will need to develop new approaches to understanding and appreciating the complex cultural relationships that exist between the natural ecosystem and our cultural attachment, as well as to build a more sustainable interaction via landscape practices.

Landscape Architecture concerns not only the ecological values of nature but also its social and cultural values. Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are the intangible and non-material benefits delivered from nature to human societies, including nature-based tourism, landscape aesthetics, sense of place, cultural heritage, and spiritual inspiration^[1]. As one pillar of Ecosystem Services (ES), CES play significant roles in leisure activities, cognitive recovery, and the conservation of cultural diversity and uniqueness. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment suggests that evaluation of CES can reveal how the dynamics of the ecosystem impact human well-being, facilitate understanding their interactions, and promote sustainable development. Nowadays, ES are among the central topics in global landscape research and has become mainstream theories in supporting landscape planning. Chinese and the global landscape practitioners also pay great attention to CES, especially regarding how to understand complex human-nature relationships, how to evaluate CES for planning, how to help communicate with different stakeholders, and how to respond to social issues with effective planning and design^[2].

Recently, China, together with the world, is undergoing rapid changes, including urbanization, demographic changes, changing lifestyles, and dynamic aesthetic preference. Those changes influence both human behaviors and the human-nature relationships. On one hand, societies nowadays have different resident forms, travel behaviors, population distributions, and family structure. All are influencing how we interact with landscapes. The social dynamics reshape the supply?demand relationships between CES and people, and enhance our concerns on different social groups, including the elderly, children, new citizens, and left-behind people in rural areas. On the other hand, human behaviors are expressed in terms of landscape perception, aesthetic preferences, fashions of nature-based recreation, and lifestyles^[3][4]. For example, the widely-use of shared bikes, social media, short videos, and web celebrities’ sites also impact how we understand landscapes and CES.

The nature of CES demonstrates that they can be the potential bridge between landscape architecture and social changes. Since CES are multi-disciplinary, they can better help Landscape Architecture understand the meanings of human-nature relationships. Their theories, methods, and tools can help support understanding, assessing, planning, designing, and managing landscape^[2][5]. This special issue covers broad topics related to CES and the landscape practice, ranging from theories, methods, and others. There are research articles on topics such as predicting recreational potential at the regional scale within the context of “all-for-one tourism,” the use of online comment data to assess perceptions and evaluations of urban parks’ ecosystem cultural services, and the role of landscape architects in early childhood nature-based education. We also present the evolution of the theory of ecosystem cultural services and the reasons why the introduction of new technology and concepts can aid in its evolution. Another case from Hawaii highlights how landscape architecture should reconstruct the interaction between ecology and culture to establish a self-determined, fair, and resilient future in the face of environmental and social catastrophes.

REFERENCES

[1] Fish, R., Church, A., & Winter, M. (2016). Conceptualising cultural ecosystem services: A novel framework for research and critical engagement. Ecosystem Services, (21), 208-217.

[2] Plieninger, T., Bieling, C., Fagerholm, N., Byg, A., Hartel, T., Hurley, P., López-Santiago, C. A., Nagabhatla, N., Oteros-Rozas, E., Raymond, C. M., van der Horst, D., & Huntsinger, L. (2015). The role of cultural ecosystem services in landscape management and planning. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, (14), 28-33.

[3] Bauer, N., Wallner, A., & Hunziker, M. (2009). The change of European landscapes: Human-nature relationships, public attitudes towards rewilding, and the implications for landscape management in Switzerland. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(9), 2910-2920.

[4] Balázsi, á., Riechers, M., Hartel, T., Leventon, J., & Fischer, J. (2019). The impacts of social-ecological system change on human-nature connectedness: A case study from Transylvania, Romania. Land Use Policy, (89), 104232.

[5] von Haaren, C., Lovett, A. A., & Albert, C. (2019). Landscape Planning and Ecosystem Services: The Sum Is More Than the Parts (pp. 3-9). In C. von Haaren, A. A. Lovett, & C. Albert (Eds.), Landscape Planning With Ecosystem Services: Theories and Methods for Application in Europe. Springer.

主編寄語

無形的紐帶：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)與景觀實踐／文晨，徐海韻，托比亞斯·普利寧格

論文

“全域旅游”導(dǎo)向下鄂西游憩服務(wù)的空間潛力預(yù)測研究——基于集成模型的機器學(xué)習方法／文晨，茶靜，徐利權(quán)，徐海韻

基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)評論數(shù)據(jù)分析的城市公園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)感知研究／姜芊孜，王廣興，梁雪原，劉娜

景觀設(shè)計師在兒童早期自然教育中的引導(dǎo)作用／唐冬蕊，張高超

觀點與評論

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)的發(fā)展推動“人與自然”的研究視角多元化——對話托比亞斯·普利寧格／托比亞斯·普利寧格，郭天禹，徐海韻

探索與過程

處于崩潰中心的樹木：多型鐵心木與夏威夷的未來／威廉·希弗斯

【中文刊名】《景觀設(shè)計學(xué)》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】文晨（WEN Chen），徐海韻（XU Haiyun），托比亞斯·普利寧格（Tobias PLIENINGER），姜芊孜（JIANG Qianzi）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】92頁彩色印刷

【刊號】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2022年10月

“全域旅游”導(dǎo)向下鄂西游憩服務(wù)的空間潛力預(yù)測研究——基于集成模型的機器學(xué)習方法

Spatial Potential of Recreational Services in Western Hubei Region in Light of the “All-for-One Tourism” Development—A Machine Learning Approach Based on Ensemble Model

作者：文晨，茶靜，徐利權(quán)，徐海韻 WEN Chen, CHA Jing, XU Liquan, XU Haiyun

摘要

在建設(shè)“全域旅游”的背景下，區(qū)域尺度的游憩服務(wù)發(fā)展將從單一景點景區(qū)的建設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)向旅游目的地的綜合統(tǒng)籌，助力鄉(xiāng)村振興和區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。然而，在全域旅游“連點成片”的過程中，如何根據(jù)本地獨特的環(huán)境稟賦識別出具有較高游憩潛力的區(qū)域并據(jù)此評估發(fā)展的優(yōu)先程度，仍是研究與實踐的熱點和難點?；诖?，本研究以鄂西地區(qū)為例，引入生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)理論中潛力評估的研究方法，運用社會－生態(tài)多源數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建了一個結(jié)合集成機器學(xué)習的SDM模型。該模型對研究區(qū)域內(nèi)336個已知游憩服務(wù)熱點的環(huán)境特征進行了剖析，并預(yù)測了連續(xù)空間中高游憩潛力區(qū)域的概率分布。本研究提供了一條從環(huán)境特征變量數(shù)值關(guān)系角度理解區(qū)域尺度游憩空間規(guī)律的技術(shù)路徑，旨在為全域旅游和鄉(xiāng)村振興的空間發(fā)展策略提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞 

全域旅游；游憩服務(wù)；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)；空間潛力預(yù)測；機器學(xué)習；鄂西

ABSTRACT  

Under the call for “all-for-one tourism” development, the focus of regional-scale recreational services is shifting from the construction of individual scenic spots and tourist areas towards the comprehensive planning of tourist destinations, so as to propel China’s rural revitalization and regional coordinated development. In research and practice, however, it is still challenging to identity and evaluate spatial locations for developing tourism according their cultural and environmental resource and characteristics and prioritizing the high-potential ones. Employing the whole western Hubei region as a case study, this paper proposes a method of assessing recreation potential within the research framework on cultural ecosystem services, and uses multi-sourced social-ecological data to develop an SDM model via ensemble machine learning. Through analyses of the environmental features of 336 recreational hotspots in the study area, the model predicts the areas with high recreation potential in continuous areas. This study intends to establish a technique path to examine the regional-scale pattern of recreational spaces via numerical analysis of environmental features, and to provide a reference for relevant spatial development strategies of all-for-one tourism and rural revitalization.

KEYWORDS 

All-for-One Tourism; Recreational Services; Cultural Ecosystem Services; Spatial Potential Prediction; Machine Learning; Western Hubei

基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)評論數(shù)據(jù)分析的城市公園生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)感知研究

Research on the Perception of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Parks via Analyses of Online Comment Data

作者：姜芊孜，王廣興，梁雪原，劉娜 JIANG Qianzi, WANG Guangxing, LIANG Xueyuan, LIU Na

摘要

公園綠地是城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，能夠為城市居民提供有益的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)（CES）。地理空間與網(wǎng)絡(luò)點評數(shù)據(jù)的融合與挖掘已成為CES感知研究的重要方法，但目前研究多聚焦CES感知類別識別與空間分布，較少關(guān)注不同CES類別感知間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。研究以濟南市主城區(qū)10個典型城市公園為例，爬取旅游網(wǎng)站上用戶的公開評論數(shù)據(jù)，基于內(nèi)容分析法獲取高頻CES感知詞和感知頻率，分析不同城市公園的CES感知異同，并應(yīng)用FP－關(guān)聯(lián)規(guī)則揭示CES感知間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。研究表明：1）審美欣賞、休閑／生態(tài)旅游是最易被公眾感知到的城市公園CES類別。2）不同城市公園中公眾對CES類別的感知存在差異。百花公園與五龍?zhí)吨械膶徝佬蕾p服務(wù)，濟南森林公園中的休閑／生態(tài)旅游服務(wù)，泉城公園、中山公園、華山湖公園與動物園中的教育／知識服務(wù)可被公眾較好感知。3）城市公園CES感知具有關(guān)聯(lián)性：審美欣賞和休閑／生態(tài)旅游服務(wù)關(guān)聯(lián)性最強，常與文化遺產(chǎn)、精神／宗教價值、藝術(shù)靈感啟發(fā)等服務(wù)被共同感知。研究充實了基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)評論數(shù)據(jù)的CES感知實證研究，闡明了城市公園CES公眾感知特征，有助于為公園綠地規(guī)劃設(shè)計與管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù)，對于提升城市公園CES供給與空間品質(zhì)具有重要意義。

關(guān)鍵詞 

城市公園；生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)；景觀感知；網(wǎng)絡(luò)點評數(shù)據(jù)；FP－關(guān)聯(lián)規(guī)則；濟南

ABSTRACT  

Urban parks are an important part of urban ecosystems and can provide beneficial cultural ecosystem services (CES) to urban residents. The integration of geospatial and online comment data and relevant data mining have become a mainstream approach to the research on CES perception. This paper takes 10 typical urban parks in the central districts of Jinan, China as examples, and collects park users’ online comment data from tourism websites. Based on content analysis, high-frequency CES perception words and their perception frequencies are obtained to reveal the disparity of CES perception in different urban parks. FP-association rules are applied to examine the correlations between the perception of CES categories. Main findings are as follow. 1) Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services are the most easily perceived CES categories in urban parks. 2) There are differences in public’s perception of CES categories in different urban parks: aesthetics service in Baihua Park and Wulongtan Park, leisure/ecotourism service in Jinan Forest Park, and education/knowledge service in Quancheng Park, Zhongshan Park, Huashan Lake Park, and Jinan Zoo can be better perceived by the public. And 3) the perception of CES categories of urban parks is correlated. Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services have the strongest correlation and are often perceived with the services of cultural heritage, spiritual/religious value, and artistic inspiration. The study enriches the empirical research on CES perception via analyses of online comment data, clarifies the patterns of public’s CES perception in urban parks, and provides a scientific reference for the planning, design, and management of urban parks, showing a significance for improving CES supply and spatial quality of urban parks.

KEYWORDS 

Urban Parks; Cultural Ecosystem Services; Landscape Perception; Online Comment Data; FP-Association Rule; Jinan

景觀設(shè)計師在兒童早期自然教育中的引導(dǎo)作用

Attentive Allies: Landscape Architects as Facilitators to Promote Early Childhood Nature-Based Educational Programs

作者：唐冬蕊，張高超 TANG Dongrui, ZHANG Gaochao

摘要

在森林幼兒園的環(huán)境中，結(jié)構(gòu)性或非結(jié)構(gòu)性的自然教育項目可以提高兒童的身體活動水平、運動技能、社交技能和環(huán)保行為等。大部分相關(guān)研究都將教師、家長和研究人員列為兒童戶外學(xué)習項目的引導(dǎo)者，而景觀設(shè)計師卻很少被考慮在內(nèi)。實際上，景觀設(shè)計師除了參與環(huán)境的設(shè)計與建造外，還可以長期發(fā)揮更深遠的作用。本研究以日本宮之丘森林公園為例，旨在證明將景觀設(shè)計師作為自然環(huán)境教育項目的引導(dǎo)者，可以使這些項目在多方面受益，產(chǎn)生持久的效果。宮之丘森林幼兒園與日本高野景觀規(guī)劃事務(wù)所團隊開展了長達16年的學(xué)齡前兒童自然教育項目合作。在這個項目中，景觀設(shè)計師采取了多種策略來改進既有教育項目并協(xié)助開發(fā)新項目。其中參與式設(shè)計是最為關(guān)鍵的策略，在改造（2006~2008年）及后續(xù)合作（2009年至今）階段，通過設(shè)計師與教育工作者的共同參與合作，使戶外自然環(huán)境和教學(xué)項目的可持續(xù)發(fā)展得到了保證。

關(guān)鍵詞 

參與式設(shè)計；自然教育；景觀設(shè)計；森林幼兒園；教育效益

ABSTRACT  

In a forest kindergarten context, young children can get boost on their level of physical activity, motor skills, social skills, pro-environmental behaviors, etc. through structured and/or unstructured nature-based educational programs. Most studies mentioned teachers, parents, and researchers as facilitators in the early childhood outdoor learning programs, while landscape architects were rarely considered. However, beyond just being involved in the design and construction of the physical environment, landscape architects can play a more profound role in the long run. This study aims to show that involving landscape architects as facilitators in the nature-based educational programs can benefit the programs in many ways and the effect can be long-lasting. The study is based on the 16 years of collaboration between Miyano-oka, a forest kindergarten, and a team of landscape architects from Takano Landscape Planning in Japan to conduct nature-based educational programs to preschoolers. It presents examples of programs in Miyano-oka and the strategies applied to develop them. In this project, landscape architects employed various design strategies to improve the existing programs and help develop new programs. Among those strategies, participatory design is the primary one. During both the renovation (from 2006 to 2008) and follow-up (from 2009 to now) phases, active participation and collaboration between designers and the educators help achieve the sustainable development of both the outdoor natural environment and educational programs.

KEYWORDS 

Participatory Design; Nature-Based Education; Landscape Architecture; Forest Kindergarten; Pedagogical Benefits

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)的發(fā)展推動“人與自然”的研究視角多元化——對話托比亞斯·普利寧格

Development of Cultural Ecosystem Services Contributes to a Plural Perspective for Human-Nature Studies—Interview With Tobias Plieninger

作者：托比亞斯·普利寧格，郭天禹，徐海韻 Tobias PLIENINGER, GUO Tianyu, XU Haiyun

摘要

托比亞斯·普利寧格是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)研究的重要先驅(qū)者之一。他通過一系列在歐洲與亞洲的森林和農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的實證研究，為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)的框架構(gòu)建做出了貢獻。在本文中，普利寧格介紹了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)是如何作為新興領(lǐng)域被納入《千年生態(tài)系統(tǒng)評估》中的。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)作為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的一部分，在最開始卻因缺乏充分內(nèi)容來體現(xiàn)而受到忽視。基于其所研究的課題，普利寧格探討了如何為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)建立指標，以及介紹了公眾參與地理信息系統(tǒng)這一方法是如何將景觀中的文化價值納入研究的。受生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)本身的限制，“自然對人類的貢獻”等新的更具包容性的術(shù)語逐漸興起。隨后，普利寧格指出了使用社交媒體數(shù)據(jù)來拓展研究范圍的新趨勢，同時分享了他對印度、中國等國家生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)研究領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的見解。他建議不應(yīng)局限于在技術(shù)上或純粹的學(xué)術(shù)活動中應(yīng)用這些方法，而要著眼于處理現(xiàn)實世界的問題。最后，他鼓勵年輕一代進一步深入研究前沿課題，如探索生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)在日漸失穩(wěn)的時代中可發(fā)揮的作用。

關(guān)鍵詞 

生態(tài)系統(tǒng)文化服務(wù)；自然對人類的貢獻；公眾參與地理信息系統(tǒng)；文化景觀；人類－自然關(guān)系

ABSTRACT  

Tobias Plieninger has contributed to framing Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) by his studies in Europe and Asia from forest to agricultural ecosystems. He introduced how the term of CES as a part of ecosystem services was raised by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment but largely neglected at the beginning. From his projects, he explored how to set up indicators and the development of a method Public Participation Geographic Information Systems to map cultural values in landscapes for CES assessment. Because of the limitation of CES, the new inclusive concepts like Nature’s Contributions to People arose. Plieninger gave us his perspective about the new tendency to use social media data to broaden the research scale, and shared his opinions about CES research in developing countries, like India and China. He suggested people should apply the methods not only in technocratic or purely in academic exercises, but to deal with real-world problems. He encouraged the young generation to further explore the frontier topics such as the role of CES in increasingly unstable times.

KEYWORDS 

Cultural Ecosystem Services; Nature’s Contributions to People;  Public Participation Geographic Information Systems;  Cultural Landscape; Human-Nature Relationship

處于崩潰中心的樹木：多型鐵心木與夏威夷的未來

The Tree at the Center of Collapse: ‘ōh(huán)i‘a(chǎn) Lehua and Hawaii’s Future

作者：威廉·希弗斯 William SHIVERS

摘要

長期以來，除了大氣環(huán)流與洋流、火山活動以及氣候危機帶來的環(huán)境壓力之外，夏威夷群島還面臨來自于美國本土的壓力：由于夏威夷群島的自然環(huán)境與風土人情有著獨特而鮮明的熱帶特征，其農(nóng)作物及當?shù)匚幕硌莸纫渤蔀榱酥匾慕?jīng)濟與文化產(chǎn)品，以滿足美國本土的物質(zhì)與精神消費需求。

19世紀初，夏威夷群島便被用作試驗與發(fā)展島嶼種植業(yè)的基地，島上的原生植被被大量砍伐，美國本土也由此建立了對夏威夷群島的支配地位；第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國本土開始以商品拜物教的形式對夏威夷群島進行同化。如今，夏威夷雖然名義上已是美國轄州，但本質(zhì)上仍是一處象征著消費、享樂與熱帶風情的邊緣之地。

種植園體系使夏威夷的自然生態(tài)及文化穩(wěn)定性都遭到了破壞，島上歷史悠久的樹木種群也深受其害，“鐵心木快速死亡”（ROD）就是其表現(xiàn)之一。這種樹木疾病由三種以上來源未知的真菌造成，主要侵襲當?shù)氐奶厣参镂锓N——多型鐵心木。多型鐵心木是夏威夷群島的先鋒物種，也是當?shù)厣值闹匾M成部分，能夠吸收空氣中的二氧化硫，增肥土壤；多型鐵心木更是夏威夷當?shù)匚幕南笳?，在民間傳說和傳統(tǒng)服飾中都能看到它的身影。因此，ROD的蔓延不僅給夏威夷帶來了自然生態(tài)危機，也使原住民與自然環(huán)境之間的紐帶瀕臨斷裂。

為此，本文呼吁以治理ROD為契機，采取修復(fù)性景觀干預(yù)措施，通過面向未來的土地管理措施，保護夏威夷群島的自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)及原住民文化。這種土地管理方法旨在幫助原住民復(fù)興傳統(tǒng)知識、重拾對島嶼發(fā)展的話語權(quán)，使夏威夷群島擺脫歷史上從經(jīng)濟、文化、政治等多個層面形成的刻板印象，這也是對全球化資本主義的一種反抗。

關(guān)鍵詞 

文化景觀；美國研究；森林生態(tài)學(xué)；島嶼研究；環(huán)境研究；氣候變化

ABSTRACT  

Hawaii is on the threshold of collapse. Over a century of American colonization and exploitation of the islands and their people has resulted in the island chain facing critical environmental and cultural catastrophe. This article examines the emergence of Rapid ‘ōh(huán)i‘a(chǎn) Death as a critical aeolian pathogen capable of wiping out the most culturally and ecologically significant species representing over 50% of Hawaii’s forests. Plantation histories are unpacked as foundational tools which directly led to deep alteration to the cultural fabric and landscape of the islands, accelerating the complex issues faced by Hawaii and Hawaiians today. This crisis offers landscape architects and the design professions grounds for a new methodology to approach both ecological and cultural issues as one to tackle the issues stemming from ongoing climate change. Furthermore, the article underscores the need to rethink the American fetishization of the Hawaiian Islands and look instead to how land stewardship and landscape practices can facilitate a self-determinant, equitable, and resilient future.

KEYWORDS 

Cultural Landscapes; American Studies; Forest Ecology; Island Studies; Environmental Studies; Climate Change