小林弘一：美國斯加普規(guī)劃及設(shè)計的宜居策略

　　SED新西林景觀國際再添新成員企業(yè)：美國斯加普規(guī)劃及設(shè)計有限公司上海分公司，主要負(fù)責(zé)城市環(huán)境規(guī)劃設(shè)計領(lǐng)域的工作。近日景觀中國記者采訪了美國斯加普規(guī)劃及設(shè)計有限公司的執(zhí)行總經(jīng)理小林弘一先生。


?

美國斯加普規(guī)劃及設(shè)計有限公司執(zhí)行總經(jīng)理小林弘一（Koichi?Kobayashi）先生

　　小林弘一（Koichi?Kobayashi）1968年畢業(yè)于日本京都大學(xué)園林景觀專業(yè)，1972年榮獲美國加州大學(xué)伯克萊分校園林景觀碩士學(xué)位。在他50余年的規(guī)劃設(shè)計職業(yè)生涯中，先后服務(wù)于美國、迪拜與中國等國際一流的規(guī)劃設(shè)計公司，涉及城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計、教育規(guī)劃與景觀設(shè)計、公園規(guī)劃設(shè)計等領(lǐng)域，有著豐富的景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計經(jīng)驗。與此同時，他在半個世紀(jì)中孜孜不倦地教授于日本京都大學(xué)、美國華盛頓大學(xué)、俄國俄亥俄州立大學(xué)等一流的國際高校，為景觀規(guī)劃設(shè)計的行業(yè)發(fā)展做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。

　　“對于我來說，城市規(guī)劃師、城市設(shè)計師、景觀設(shè)計師以及景觀設(shè)計學(xué)教育者，這些不同身份都不過是致力于環(huán)境保護(hù)和改善的同一個職業(yè)罷了。”小林先生說，“就好像對于可持續(xù)城市我們可以用很多不同的名字來稱呼它，比如高環(huán)境質(zhì)量城市、零排放城市、低碳城市等等。但在小林弘一先生看來，這些不同的稱謂都意味著城市應(yīng)當(dāng)使人與自然和平相處，并且具備便捷的自然、人文、歷史和社會設(shè)施，安全方便，同時能夠為人們提供足夠的營養(yǎng)和食物。”

　　作為斯加普規(guī)劃及設(shè)計有限公司的執(zhí)行總經(jīng)理，小林弘一先生表示，斯加普擁有一支知識技能全面、經(jīng)驗豐富的團(tuán)隊，他們在實踐中以將科技和美學(xué)完美結(jié)合為目標(biāo)，并且關(guān)注生態(tài)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展。斯加普也將通過更多的項目合作、員工交流和教育培訓(xùn)來加強(qiáng)其上海、深圳、西雅圖各分部之間的聯(lián)系，至于斯加普的工作重心則將依據(jù)各地的市場狀況而定。

景觀中國：您為何會在從京都大學(xué)畢業(yè)后選擇到美國的加州大學(xué)柏克萊分校繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)，日本和美國的景觀設(shè)計教育有何差異？

　　小林弘一：我選擇到加州大學(xué)伯克利分校學(xué)習(xí)并非因為美國和日本教育模式上的差異，而是我移民美國后不得不去學(xué)習(xí)這個國家的文化和風(fēng)土人情。盡管如此，但這二者確實因美國和日本兩個國家之間的差異而不同。撇開教育模式的差異不談，我認(rèn)為年輕人需要具備和培養(yǎng)的最基本的品質(zhì)之一就是懂得傾聽別人的想法，包括客戶、同事和使用者等等，并且具備被人們所喜愛的完整人格。沒有良好深入的溝通，任何項目都是無法完成的。

景觀中國：如果要總結(jié)一下，您認(rèn)為您的職業(yè)生涯可以分為哪些重要階段？

　　小林弘一：我在規(guī)劃和設(shè)計的藝術(shù)成就與我高中和大學(xué)時期在日本京都的日式花園中所受到的長期熏陶息息相關(guān)。我的設(shè)計作品無論尺度大小，都遵從了簡潔、多樣、空間層次感強(qiáng)的原則，這在我的小型私人花園設(shè)計和大型城市開放空間設(shè)計中都有體現(xiàn)，如90號洲際公路西雅圖段的景觀設(shè)計。這個占地300英畝的90號洲際公路總體景觀設(shè)計項目，成功為之前被高速公路割裂的鄰里空間注入了其所急需的綠色緩沖帶，創(chuàng)新地將環(huán)境可持續(xù)性作為項目設(shè)計和預(yù)備維護(hù)工程中日益增長的計算機(jī)技術(shù)應(yīng)用的整體框架。該項目于1997年獲得美國總統(tǒng)杰出設(shè)計獎。

　　園林設(shè)計是我們景觀設(shè)計專業(yè)的核心。這也是我和這個領(lǐng)域始終維持緊密聯(lián)系的原因之一。長期以來我致力于培養(yǎng)自己在規(guī)劃、建筑設(shè)計、景觀設(shè)計、工程設(shè)計和項目管理中的多學(xué)科掌控能力，懷揣著將人們對環(huán)境的滿意度與視覺和綠色開放空間的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量聯(lián)系起來的美好愿景，并一直以此為工作重心。

景觀中國：斯加普的設(shè)計師來自美國、日本等地，他們?nèi)绾蜗幕系母糸u在城市規(guī)劃和設(shè)計中有效合作？

　　小林弘一：斯加普將繼續(xù)貫徹促進(jìn)持有不同文化價值觀的員工相互理解、在相互尊重對方價值觀的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行景觀設(shè)計實踐的原則。我曾參與過一系列跨文化的、尺度各異的項目。比如坐落于芝加哥杰克遜公園中的湖岸的大阪花園的修復(fù)工程，它將這個由芝加哥和日本大阪合作建設(shè)百年日式花園帶到了全新的境界。該項目的成功使得杰克遜公園南端獲得了新生。還有日本兵庫縣三田華盛頓村，它是一個場地規(guī)劃和景觀設(shè)計項目，目的是在日本的三田市開發(fā)建設(shè)一個西式的居住和休閑空間。其設(shè)計和居住規(guī)劃在太平洋兩岸獲得了諸多獎項和廣泛的肯定。該項目得到了美國華盛頓州和日本兵庫縣政府的支持。通過參與這些項目，我認(rèn)識到目前在美國和日本規(guī)劃和景觀設(shè)計都是為了追求獨(dú)立發(fā)展和成熟的社會民主。

景觀中國：在您看來中國的城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計面臨著哪些挑戰(zhàn)，規(guī)劃和設(shè)計如何才能使城市更加宜居？

　　小林弘一：我認(rèn)為在美國和日本的經(jīng)驗中，最有益于中國的一條就是要具備靈活的態(tài)度和能力以適應(yīng)不斷變化的社會和世界。美國帶領(lǐng)世界開始了現(xiàn)代城市建設(shè)的浪潮，?20年后日本隨之踏上了現(xiàn)代城市建設(shè)的進(jìn)程，而中國也在日本20年后開始了建設(shè)現(xiàn)代城市。在此過程中美國和日本在城市規(guī)劃和設(shè)計中進(jìn)行了多項創(chuàng)新，同時也犯了一系列的錯誤。目前，隨著對外開放中國能夠自由地從世界及時得到各種資源。但是規(guī)劃和設(shè)計的決策應(yīng)該依據(jù)對現(xiàn)有案例透徹的理解，而不能僅僅參考其膚淺的表面特征。我希望中國的規(guī)劃和景觀設(shè)計職業(yè)能夠成為將專家和學(xué)者的研究成果落實到實際項目中的媒介。

　　在我畢生的研究和專業(yè)興趣中有兩點非常重要，一個是自然和建成環(huán)境的視覺組成研究和應(yīng)用，一個是綠色開放空間的建造，這兩點有助于我們規(guī)劃和建設(shè)最宜居的環(huán)境。這二者特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，首先要將理論性的方法和過程應(yīng)用到真實的生活環(huán)境中，并將其過程、原則、指標(biāo)和其他需要整合的條件納入現(xiàn)代的規(guī)則條例中來；再者就是要將視覺和綠色開放空間的范疇整合成為一個整體。?

　　在我對綠色開放空間和視覺環(huán)境的研究過程中有三個主要假設(shè)。

　　首先，綠色開放空間（包括質(zhì)量和數(shù)量）對于環(huán)境（鄰里空間、城市、區(qū)域、國家以至更大尺度的環(huán)境）質(zhì)量有決定性的影響。例如，西雅圖被評定為美國最適宜居住的城市之一已經(jīng)有一段時間了。那么西雅圖的綠色開放空間于此有何影響？我們將嘗試找出影響綠色開放空間的因子，建立可量化的參數(shù)，并找出/構(gòu)建規(guī)劃框架以及步驟，從而將這些因子整合到現(xiàn)有的和未來的控制性程序和需求中來。

　　第二，視覺環(huán)境在我們生活環(huán)境中具有重要地位，并且它們同樣能夠被整合到控制性程序和要求中來，從而我們可以塑造和控制我們的視覺環(huán)境。我們可以采用的方法之一是建立一套方法以明確質(zhì)量和數(shù)量因子之間的聯(lián)系。部分可量化的因子可通過這種方法進(jìn)行測定，包括建筑容積率、土地覆蓋率、土地使用密度，土地滲透性等。我們將對如何將人們的環(huán)境滿意度與視覺和綠色開放空間的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量聯(lián)系起來進(jìn)行研究。

　　第三個假設(shè)是綠色開放空間和環(huán)境的視覺組成部分之間存在緊密的聯(lián)系，并且它們也能夠被整合到規(guī)劃/設(shè)計的過程和控制性程序和要求中。環(huán)境的范圍包括小的鄰里單位、城市、省/自治區(qū)、區(qū)域，甚至國家和全球的各種尺度。我們將對自然和建成環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性、保護(hù)、修復(fù)和質(zhì)量，以及視覺和綠色開放空間的質(zhì)量因素進(jìn)行研究和處理。

　　我們將采用環(huán)境學(xué)分析、場地分析和視覺分析等環(huán)境分析方法對此進(jìn)行研究，研究范圍將包含景觀設(shè)計、城市設(shè)計、社區(qū)設(shè)計和區(qū)域設(shè)計。

　　美國斯加普

　　美國斯加普規(guī)劃及設(shè)計有限公司，其前身是著名日裔美籍景觀設(shè)計師KOICHI?KOBAYASHI先生于1989年在美國創(chuàng)立的K&A。公司發(fā)展至今20余年，目前已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為集環(huán)境與城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計、建筑設(shè)計、景觀設(shè)計與一體的綜合性跨國公司。在上海成立SKUP將更好服務(wù)于亞太地區(qū)業(yè)務(wù)需要，與美國和日本的合作機(jī)構(gòu)持續(xù)交流最先進(jìn)的環(huán)境規(guī)劃理念和經(jīng)驗，并與相關(guān)行業(yè)的多家知家海外企業(yè)緊密合作，以能優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)，為甲方提供高水準(zhǔn)的專業(yè)服務(wù)。目前，上海SKUP已成為國內(nèi)知名設(shè)計公司SED新西林景觀國際的成員企業(yè)，主要負(fù)責(zé)城市環(huán)境規(guī)劃設(shè)計領(lǐng)域的工作。

　　SKUP在設(shè)計中尤其關(guān)注地域文化的延續(xù)及生態(tài)環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展，對城市規(guī)劃、生態(tài)保護(hù)發(fā)展提出獨(dú)到的見解。目前為止，已完成項目遍及美國、日本、迪拜、加拿大、澳洲、新西蘭、中國、香港等地，有著較全面的國際設(shè)計經(jīng)驗。

　　SKUP的核心技術(shù)來自美國、日本等不同專業(yè)背景及擁有豐富國際經(jīng)驗的環(huán)境與城市規(guī)劃師、建筑師、和研究人員組成，并始終保持與國內(nèi)外擁有顯著聲譽(yù)的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)密切合作。SKUP進(jìn)入中國后結(jié)合本土設(shè)計經(jīng)驗并與國內(nèi)知名設(shè)計企業(yè)形成長期戰(zhàn)略合作伙伴，開始為高速發(fā)展的中國全面提供國際領(lǐng)先的景觀、規(guī)劃、建筑、旅游和生態(tài)策略的設(shè)計服務(wù)。

附英文原稿：

?

SED?Group?has?a?new?member?now:?SKUP?International,?Shanghai?Office,?which?focus?on?environmental?and?urban?planning?services.?LANDSCAPE.CN?talked?with?Koichi?Kobayashi,?the?Executive?General?Manager?of?SKUP?International?recently.

Koichi?Kobayashi’s?past?employment?has?covered?a?diverse?field?of?planning?and?landscape?architecture:?new?town,?mixed?use?development,?education,?and?public?service,?private?offices?in?architecture?and?landscape?architecture?and?urban?design.

“To?me,?urban?planner,?urban?designer,?landscape?architect?and?landscape?architecture?educator,?all?these?titles?are?by?definition?in?the?same?profession?caring?for?preservation?and?enhancement?of?the?environment.?Just?like?we?have?been?utilizing?a?variety?of?names?for?a?sustainable?city,?the?names?may?include?high?environmental?quality?city,?zero?emission?city,?low?carbon?city?and?others,?but?in?my?view?they?are?all?striving?toward?a?creation?of?a?city?which?offers?living?with?nature?and?having?a?high?natural,?cultural,?historical?and?societal?amenities,?safety?and?convenience?while?being?capable?of?sustenance.”?Koichi?Kobayashi?told?me?during?our?talking.

He?also?told?me?that?to?follow?the?environmental?design?concept?of?“integrating?science?and?aesthetics,?showing?concern?to?ecology?and?sustainable?development”,?SKUP?recruits?and?maintains?well?rounded?and?experienced?staff?members?who?practice?with?a?goal?of?integrating?science?and?aesthetics,?showing?concern?to?ecology?and?sustainable?development.?And?since?they?have?offices?in?Shanghai,?Shenzhen?and?Seattle,?they?will?try?to?strengthen?ties?among?the?offices?through?more?project?collaboration,?staff?exchange?and?staff?education?and?training.?And?SKUP?will?decide?their?focus?basing?on?location?of?market?for?our?profession.

LANDSCAPE.CN:?Why?did?you?choose?to?study?in?University?of?California,?Berkeley?after?you?graduated?from?Kyoto?University,?What?was?the?difference?of?education?systems?of?landscape?architecture?between?USA?and?Japan?

It?was?not?the?difference?of?educational?system?that?I?went?to?University?of?California,?but?a?necessity?to?learn?the?culture?and?people?of?my?adopted?country.?It?was?not?the?difference?in?educational?system?that?I?decided?to?study?there?but?difference?is?in?the?difference?of?the?country?of?USA?and?Japan.?Anyway,?some?of?the?basic?qualities?I?would?like?young?people?to?have?and?nurture?is?the?ability?to?listen?well?to?audiences?including?clients,?colleagues,?users?etc.,?and?to?be?a?holistic?person?to?be?liked?by?people?around.?Any?project?could?not?be?accomplished?without?good?and?thorough?communication.

LANDSCAPE.CN:?How?would?you?like?to?divide?your?former?career?into?different?phases?

The?strength?of?the?art?of?my?planning?and?design?is?anchored?to?long?and?deep?immersion?in?the?Japanese?gardens?of?Kyoto,?Japan?during?my?high?school?and?college?days.?My?design?work,?be?it?large?or?small,?is?guided?by?simplicity,?variation,?depth,?and?sense?of?space?as?exhibited?in?small?residential?garden?design?as?well?as?design?for?a?large?urban?open?space?as?in?the?Interstate?Ninety:?Seattle?Landscape?Project?.?The?300?acre?I-?90?Master?Landscape?Design?project,?succeeded?in?installing?green?respite?in?much?needed?neighborhood,?long?bisected?by?previous?highway,?pioneered?the?concept?of?the?environmental?sustainability?as?project’s?overall?framework?in?design?and?use?of?emerging?computer?technology?in?preparing?maintenance?program.?The?project?was?given?American?President’s?Design?Excellence?Award?in?1997.?Art?of?garden?design?is?a?core?of?our?landscape?architectural?profession.?This?is?one?of?the?reasons?I?maintain?a?strong?connection?with?this?field.?I?have?been?trying?to?create?a?multi-disciplinary?capability?in?planning,?architecture,?landscape?architecture,?engineering?and?project?management?in?myself?for?a?long?time.??I?have?been?holding?this?vision?of?establishing?linkage?between?human?satisfaction?of?the?environment?and?quantitative?and?qualitative?aspect?of?the?visual?and?green?open?space?and?making?it?a?backbone?of?my?work.

LANDSCAPE.CN:?The?professional?design?team?of?SKUP?is?consisted?of?people?from?different?countries?with?different?culture?background,?how?does?SKUP?lead?this?team?corporately?working?on?each?project?with?common?company?values??

KOICHI?KOBAYASHI:?We?shall?maintain?a?policy?of?understanding?of?different?cultural?values?held?by?individual?staff?members?and?of?practicing?profession?with?respect?of?these?varying?values.?I?have?been?involved?in?a?number?of?cross?cultural?projects?in?a?variety?of?scale.?Osaka?Garden?at?Chicago’s?Jackson?Park?along?the?lake?shoreline?restored?as?well?as?new?stage?for?this?100?year?old?Japanese?Garden?supported?by?the?City?of?Chicago?and?Osaka,?Japan.?This?project’s?success?prompted?a?rebirth?of?the?south?end?of?the?Jackson?Park.?Washington?Village?is?the?project?in?site?planning?as?well?as?landscape?design?to?develop?a?western?style?housing?and?recreational?space?in?the?City?of?Sanda,?Japan.?Project?has?received?a?number?of?award?and?citation?from?both?sides?of?the?Pacific?in?design?and?community?planning.?This?project?has?been?supported?by?the?state?of?Washington,?USA?and?Government?of?Hyogo,?Japan.?Through?these?experiences,?I?have?learned?that?social?value?of?planning?and?landscape?architecture?in?USA?and?Japan?have?come?to?a?present?position?with?respective?growth?and?maturity?of?democratic?society.

LANDSCAPE.CN:?What?are?the?challenges?that?Chinese?cities?are?facing?in?your?eyes,?and?what?has?SKUP?prepared?to?help?dealing?with?these?challenges?

KOICHI?KOBAYASHI:?I?think?one?of?the?precious?experiences?most?beneficial?to?China?from?USA?and?Japan?is?to?acquire?an?attitude?of?flexibility?and?ability?to?adjust?to?changing?society?and?the?world.?USA?led?the?world?in?modern?urban?development,?followed?by?Japanese?some?twenty?years?later,?now?china?has?been?following?up?Japan?twenty?years?after?as?well.?USA?and?Japan?made?a?number?of?innovations?in?urban?planning?and?design?and?also?a?series?of?mistakes?and?misjudgments.?Now?with?the?opening?of?Chinese?access?to?the?world,?china?could?get?all?kind?of?resources?freely?from?the?world?in?time.?Decisions?on?planning?and?design?should?be?based?on?thorough?understanding?on?precedents?and?not?on?superficial?references.?I?am?hoping?Chinese?planning?and?landscape?architecture?profession?will?be?developing?practical?application?of?results?from?research?works?to?be?performed?by?professionals?and?academics.?Two?of?my?life?long?research?and?professional?interest?have?been?on?study?and?application?of?visual?component?of?the?natural?and?built?environment?and?on?preservation?and?creation?of?green?open?space?so?that?we?could?plan?and?develop?the?most?livable?environment.?Specific?focus?in?these?areas?is?first?to?apply?theoretical?method??and??process?to?real?life?situation?and?develop?process,?index,?indicators,?criteria?and?others?to?be?integrated?into?modern?regulatory?processes?and?requirements?and?second?to?integrate?these?two?fields?of?visual?and?green?open?space?into?holistic?one.?

There?are?three?major?hypotheses?in?carrying?out?my?research?related?to?green?open?space?and?visual?environment.

The?first?is?that?green?opens?space?(both?in?qualitative?and?quantitative)?plays?major?role?in?determining?quality?of?environment?(neighborhood,?city,?region?and?nation?and?above)?we?live?in.?For?example,?the?city?of?Seattle?has?been?rated?as?one?of?the?most?livable?cities?in?the?United?States?of?America?for?some?time.?What?role?is?green?open?space?of?Seattle?contributing?to?this??We?could?attempt?to?identify?elements?contributing?to?green?open?space,?establish?measurable?parameters?and?identify/develop?planning?frame?work?and?process?so?that?they?could?be?incorporated?into?existing?and?future?regulatory?process?and?requirements.?

The?second?hypothesis?is?that?the?visual?environment?occupies?an?important?aspect?of?our?living?environment?and?that?they?also?could?be?integrated?into?regulatory?process?and?requirements?so?that?we?could?shape?and?control?our?visual?environment.?One?of?the?approaches?that?could?be?taken?is?to?establish?method?to?identify?linkages?between?qualitative?and?quantity?elements.?Some?of?the?measurable?elements?including?building?floor?ratio,?land?coverage,?land?use?density,?land?permeability?could?be?tested?in?this.?Establishing?linkage?between?human?satisfaction?of?the?environment?and?quantitative?and?qualitative?aspect?of?the?visual?and?green?open?space?will?be?explored.?Method?for?analyzing?environment?covers?environmental?analysis,?site?analysis?and?visual?analysis.

The?third?hypothesis?is?that?there?exists?a?close?relationship?between?green?open?space?and?visual?component?of?the?environment?and?that?they?could?be?integrated?together?into?planning/design?process?and?regulatory?processes?and?requirements.?Areas?of?environment?could?encompass?from?a?small?neighborhood?unit?to?city,?state/prefecture,?regional,?nationwide?and?global.?Sustainability,?preservation,?restoration?and?improvement?of?the?natural?as?well?as?built?environment?will?be?explored?and?dealt?with.?

Qualitative?aspect?of?the?visual?and?green?open?space?will?be?explored.?Method?for?analyzing?environment?covers?environmental?analysis,?site?analysis?and?visual?analysis.

Sphere?of?this?research?will?encompass?landscape?design,?urban?design,?community?design?and?regional?design.??

SKUP?International?(SKUP?Planning?and?Design?Consultancy?Co.)

SKUP?Planning?and?Design?Consultancy?Co.,?Ltd.?was?originated?from?the?former?Kobayashi?&?Associates?Inc.?which?was?based?in?USA?and?was?founded?by?the?famous?Japanese?American?landscape?architect?Koichi?Kobayashi?in?1989.?Since?its?establishment?more?than?20?years?ago,?SKUP?has?currently?developed?into?an?international?company?providing?integrated?services?including?environmental?and?urban?planning,?architectural?design?and?landscape?design.?By?setting?up?its?office?in?Shanghai,?SKUP?will?be?able?to?provide?better?service?to?the?Asia?Pacific?countries.?Meanwhile,?SKUP?keeps?on?exchanging?the?most?advanced?environmental?planning?concept?and?experience?with?the?American?and?Japanese?cooperative?institutions.?We?maintain?a?number?of?reputable?overseas?firms?with?special?expertise?as?our?resource?companies.?SKUP?was?now?a?member?company?of?the?SED?landscape?architects?group.
SKUP?focuses?on?the?incorporation?of?regional?culture?and?ecological?sustainability?in?its?design,?and?has?proposed?unique?ideas?on?urban?planning?and?ecological?preservation.?Up?till?now,?SKUP?and?its?staff?have?completed?projects?in?USA,?Japan,?Dubai,?Canada,?Australia,?New?Zealand,?China?and?Hong?Kong.

The?professional?design?team?of?SKUP?is?consisted?of?environmental?and?urban?planners,?architects?and?researchers?from?USA,?Japan?and?other?countries?who?are?provided?with?different?specialties?and?have?extensive?experience?in?various?projects?worldwide.?SKUP?has?maintained?close?cooperation?relationship?with?Chinese?and?foreign?reputable?academic?institutions.?Up?till?now,?SKUP?has?established?permanent?strategic?partnership?with?some?renowned?local?enterprise?after?it?launches?its?business?in?China?and?has?started?to?provide?integrated?services?for?the?rapidly-developing?China?in?areas?including?landscape?design,?urban?planning,?architectural?design,?tourism?and?ecological?strategy.