俞孔堅(jiān)：景觀設(shè)計(jì)不僅僅是美化環(huán)境的藝術(shù)，更是解決問(wèn)題的藝術(shù)

　　俞孔堅(jiān)，博士，北京大學(xué)景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)研究院院長(zhǎng)，北京土人景觀與建筑規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院院長(zhǎng)兼首席設(shè)計(jì)師，?1995年獲哈佛大學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)博士。土人設(shè)計(jì)是多個(gè)國(guó)際獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)的獲得者，有200多名職業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師，是中國(guó)最早、規(guī)模最大的私人設(shè)計(jì)公司之一。俞博士積極探索實(shí)踐，分別于2002、2005及2006年獲得由美國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)師協(xié)會(huì)頒發(fā)的四個(gè)ASLA榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)，2002、2005年獲得中國(guó)建設(shè)部頒發(fā)的中國(guó)人居環(huán)境范例獎(jiǎng)，2004年獲得由中國(guó)文化部、中國(guó)美術(shù)家協(xié)會(huì)主辦的第十屆全國(guó)美術(shù)作品展金獎(jiǎng)，2004年獲得由中央組織部、中央宣傳部、中央統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)部聯(lián)合頒發(fā)的留學(xué)回國(guó)人員成就獎(jiǎng)。俞博士發(fā)表了多達(dá)150篇論文及15本專著。俞博士的主要研究包括：景觀設(shè)計(jì)及城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)的理論及方法，景觀文化，景觀安全格局及生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施等。

　　今日景觀：什么使您相信通過(guò)景觀設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐可以改變世界呢？?

　　俞孔堅(jiān)：“景觀設(shè)計(jì)師是未來(lái)的職業(yè)”，這句話引自國(guó)際景觀設(shè)計(jì)師聯(lián)盟主席Martha?Fajardo，而且這門學(xué)問(wèn)的未來(lái)在于其設(shè)計(jì)和協(xié)調(diào)自然、文化及精神的媒介（景觀）的獨(dú)特定位，這三者在景觀媒介中互相影響，互相交融。但這樣的未來(lái)只有當(dāng)我們有所準(zhǔn)備時(shí)才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。

　　城市化、全球化、唯物質(zhì)主義的傳播已經(jīng)給景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)留下了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的定位，景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)要在接下來(lái)的幾十年中將面對(duì)以下三個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。

　　第一點(diǎn)是地球上人類的生存及可持續(xù)發(fā)展問(wèn)題。時(shí)下，越來(lái)越多的人暴露在平凡的自然災(zāi)害、污染、及自然資源匱乏的危險(xiǎn)之下，例如：東南亞的海嘯大災(zāi)難、新奧爾良的“卡特里娜”颶風(fēng)、中國(guó)連年的多起水災(zāi)。從目前看來(lái)，中國(guó)正處在重新塑造鄉(xiāng)村及城市景觀體系的時(shí)期：全國(guó)上下幾乎每條大河都建起了水壩；未來(lái)的20年，中國(guó)的13億人口將有65%成為城市居民（現(xiàn)在為40%左右）；在大約660個(gè)城市中，已有三分之二的城市面臨缺水的困境；城市及郊區(qū)的所有河流幾乎都受到了污染。景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)就是這樣一個(gè)學(xué)科，它在這樣一個(gè)最合適的時(shí)候，來(lái)承擔(dān)重建人類與土地和諧關(guān)系的重任。

　　第二點(diǎn)是保護(hù)及再現(xiàn)文化身份的問(wèn)題。文化及地域特色在全球化及西化的沖擊中消失殆盡，喪失了城市及地域的含義。景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)也許是眾多物質(zhì)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)科中最適于承擔(dān)維護(hù)和重新獲得民族文化身份和地域特色的專業(yè)。之所以這樣說(shuō)，是因?yàn)榫坝^設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)與自然系統(tǒng)有本質(zhì)的關(guān)聯(lián)，景觀設(shè)計(jì)根植于悠久的農(nóng)耕傳統(tǒng)之中，這種傳統(tǒng)與當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀幌到y(tǒng)息息相關(guān)，并且在數(shù)千年的演化中逐漸變得多樣化和帶有地方特色。從方法論的角度說(shuō)，景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)應(yīng)強(qiáng)化“道法自然”的精髓，尊重文化遺產(chǎn)及人性。在快速的城市化及全球化進(jìn)程中、及發(fā)展處于強(qiáng)勢(shì)的情況下，我們應(yīng)該采取一種“反規(guī)劃”的途徑，打破通常的發(fā)展規(guī)劃模式。

　　說(shuō)它“反”，是說(shuō)在開(kāi)發(fā)規(guī)劃之前，景觀設(shè)計(jì)師及規(guī)劃師需要通過(guò)判別及設(shè)計(jì)生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施引導(dǎo)城市的發(fā)展，因?yàn)樯鷳B(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是保護(hù)生態(tài)過(guò)程及文化遺產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵，而文化遺產(chǎn)則是地域文化特色的載體。

　　第三點(diǎn)是保護(hù)及重建我們的精神家園。景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)要通過(guò)對(duì)景觀的設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)行使保護(hù)及重建這種精神聯(lián)系的職責(zé)。

　　今日景觀：您認(rèn)為哪些要素是具有效率的景觀設(shè)計(jì)所必不可少的？

　　俞孔堅(jiān)：具有效率的的景觀是能夠解決場(chǎng)地實(shí)際問(wèn)題的經(jīng)濟(jì)（也就是生態(tài)）的方案。景觀是一種媒介，通過(guò)這個(gè)媒介，很多自然的，生物的，文化的過(guò)程產(chǎn)生并互相作用。因此景觀設(shè)計(jì)不僅僅是一門美化的藝術(shù)，更是一門解決問(wèn)題的藝術(shù)。

　　景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)并不是園林藝術(shù)，也不應(yīng)該被看做是從園林藝術(shù)這種游樂(lè)為目的的藝術(shù)直接衍生出來(lái)的，而是我們的祖先在艱難的環(huán)境中求生存求發(fā)展的過(guò)程中延續(xù)下來(lái)的生存的藝術(shù)，比如：開(kāi)辟安全的生存空間來(lái)躲避洪水、遠(yuǎn)離敵人，平整土地來(lái)取得生活材料，耕種和灌溉莊稼，蓄水及儲(chǔ)存一些能使全家活下來(lái)的資源。

　　今日景觀：您認(rèn)為中國(guó)在景觀設(shè)計(jì)方面是否有可喜的進(jìn)步呢？

　　俞孔堅(jiān)：中國(guó)的景觀設(shè)計(jì)在過(guò)去的幾年里獲得了很大的進(jìn)步，尤其是在住宅開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目，城市新興開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)，以及科技園區(qū)和辦公園區(qū)的設(shè)計(jì)中所取得的進(jìn)步更為顯著。然而，我們還是有很大的發(fā)展空間，包括樹(shù)立環(huán)境意識(shí)以及營(yíng)造具有文化特色的當(dāng)代中國(guó)景觀。

　　今日景觀：您對(duì)那些在景觀設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域或者說(shuō)對(duì)社會(huì)有些作為的年輕設(shè)計(jì)師有哪些建議呢？

　　俞孔堅(jiān)：有三點(diǎn)建議。首先，要對(duì)土地有熱情和激情。熱愛(ài)土地然后才能投身于這個(gè)職業(yè)，這是成為一名成功景觀設(shè)計(jì)師的持久動(dòng)力。

　　第二，一定要有大視野。城市化、全球化、唯物質(zhì)主義的傳播將置景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)于一個(gè)獨(dú)特的地位，來(lái)面對(duì)和解決未來(lái)幾十年的重要問(wèn)題，這是一個(gè)大的背景。成功的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師必須要有社會(huì)責(zé)任感，在中國(guó)這一點(diǎn)就更為重要。

　　第三，在有了上述大視野的基礎(chǔ)上，還要有腳踏實(shí)地的態(tài)度。盡量積累人及土地的知識(shí)，游走于田野、山林、村莊及城市，學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)?shù)厝嗽诟鞣N各樣的環(huán)境中是如何處理土地及水的關(guān)系從而獲得持續(xù)的生存的，這比大學(xué)里的課程要重要得多。

　　今日景觀：在接下來(lái)的三年里，您認(rèn)為中國(guó)的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師的發(fā)展方向是怎樣的？

　　俞孔堅(jiān)：中國(guó)的景觀設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)正在面臨一個(gè)十字路口，也許會(huì)有人說(shuō)是一個(gè)新的開(kāi)端。或許還有人記得半個(gè)多世紀(jì)以前，一位已經(jīng)過(guò)世的優(yōu)秀景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)教育家Hideo?Sasaki曾經(jīng)評(píng)論過(guò)，景觀設(shè)計(jì)這門專業(yè)正處在一個(gè)重要的岔路口。這個(gè)路口的一邊是通過(guò)我們的不遺余力改善人類環(huán)境的光明之路，而另一邊則導(dǎo)向做些表面美化工作的支路。很不幸，除了很少的案例，全世界尤其是中國(guó)的景觀設(shè)計(jì)在過(guò)去的幾十年里偏向了表面化的美化工作。面對(duì)極度危機(jī)的環(huán)境現(xiàn)狀，我們可以在以下幾個(gè)方面發(fā)揮更重要的作用：生物多樣性的保護(hù)，文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)，都市化以及土地利用規(guī)劃等方面。

　　在今后的三年內(nèi)，持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)但選擇性更強(qiáng)的市場(chǎng)對(duì)合格的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師的需求將會(huì)增加。這也會(huì)導(dǎo)致中國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)院系的大幅增加，促進(jìn)景觀設(shè)計(jì)教育的快速發(fā)展，增加對(duì)合格景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)教師的需求。

　　國(guó)外有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師、景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)教師及年輕的留學(xué)生到中國(guó)發(fā)展，將填補(bǔ)中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)合格優(yōu)秀教師的空缺，也會(huì)成為未來(lái)的一個(gè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。同時(shí)，在接下來(lái)的三年里，將是中國(guó)景觀設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)設(shè)立自己的形象并且定義專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的重要時(shí)期：我們不是園林藝匠，而是肩負(fù)整合人地關(guān)系重任的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師，景觀設(shè)計(jì)是生存的藝術(shù)，對(duì)中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)必須強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)。

　　今日景觀：您現(xiàn)在有多少個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目？

　　俞孔堅(jiān)：大約有100多個(gè)項(xiàng)目，包括區(qū)域生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)、1700公里的大運(yùn)河遺產(chǎn)廊道的規(guī)劃研究，包括新城設(shè)計(jì)、校園、新建居住區(qū)、都市廣場(chǎng)、公園、河流廊道、海灘、濱水設(shè)計(jì)等等。

"Landscape?design?is?much?more?than?the?art?of?making?the?site?Iook?beautiful;?it?is?about?making?senses."

《Landscape Today》2007

Dr?Kongjian?Yu?got?his?Doctor?of?Design?Degree?at?The?Harvard?Graduate?School?of?Design?in?1995.?He?is?also?the?founder?and?dean?of?the?Graduate?School?of?Landscape?Architecture?at?Peking?University,?and?the?founder?and?president?of?Turenscape,?which?is?an?internationally?awarded?firm?with?more?than?200?professionals?and?is?one?of?the?first?and?largest?private?landscape?architecture?firms?in?China.?Dr?Yu?has?practiced?actively?and?has?been?awarded?four?ASLA?Honor?Awards?in?2002?and?2005,?and?2006?respectively?by?the?American?Society?of?Landscape?Architecture.?Dr?Yu?is?also?the?winner?of?the?National?Gold?Medal?of?Fine?Arts?(2004,?the?Cultural?Ministry,?China),?twice?winner?of?the?Human?Habitat?Model?Award?for?designed?projects?(2002,?2005,?the?Construction?Ministry,?China).?In?2004,?he?was?awarded?Oversea?Chinese?Pioneer?Achievement?Medal?by?the?Chinese?central?government?for?my?overall?contribution?to?the?nation.?Dr?Yu?has?published?widely,?including?more?than?150?papers?and?15?books.?His?major?research?interests?include:?the?theory?and?method?of?landscape?architecture?and?urban?planning;?the?cultural?aspect?of?landscape;?landscape?security?patterns?and?ecological?infrastructure.

Ladscape?Today:?What?led?you?to?believe?that?you?could?make?a?difference?through?the?practice?of?landscape?architecture?

Dr?Yu:?"Landscape?architect?is?the?profession?of?the?future",?to?quote?IFLA?president?Martha?Fajarde’s?comment?(2005),?and?the?future?of?the?profession?lies?in?its?unique?positioning?in?dealing with?the?landscape?as?a?medium,?where?the?natural?processes,?cultural?processes?and?the?spiritual?processes?interact,?and?where?all?these?processes?can?be?integrated?harmoniously.?But?this?future?will?be?ours?only?if?are?prepared.

Urbanisatlon,?globalisation?and?the?spread?of?materialism?have?positioned?landscape?architecture?as?a?profession?to?address?three?major?challenges/opportunities?in?the?coming?decades.

The?first?is?about?the?survival?and?sustainability?of?humanity?on?the?earth.?Now?than?ever,?more??and?more?people?are?exposed?to?natural?disasters,?pollution?and?shortage?of?natural?resources,?as?seen?by?the?catastrophes?of?tsunami?in?Southeast?Asia?and?Katrina?in?New?Orleans?and?the?numerous?floods?each?year?in?China.?Currently,?China?is?reshaping?its?rural?and?urban?landscape:?thousands?of?dams?are?built?across?almost?each?of?the?rivers?across?this?country,?65?percent?of?the?1.3?billion?population?will?be?living?in?the?cities?(now?40?percent)in?the?coming?twenty?years,?two?thirds?of?the?660?or?so?cities?are?in?shortage?of?water,?not?a?single?river?in?the?urban?and?suburban?areas?is?not?polluted.?Landscape?architecture?is?the?right?profession,?at?the?right?time?to?rebuild?a?harmonious?relationship?between?land?and?people.

The??second??is?the?protection?and?recreation?of?cultural?identity.?The?losing?of?cultural?and?regional?identity?to?globalisation?and?westernization?has?eroded?the?meanings?of?our?cities?and?places.?Landscape?architecture?is?possibly?the?most?legitimate?profession?among?those?dealing?with?our?physical?environment?to?keep?and?regain?our?cultural?identity.?The?strength?of?landscape?architecture?lies?in?its?intrinsic?association?with?the?natural?systems?and?in?its?root?of?agricultural?tradition?that?are?identical?to?local?natural?systems?and?variegated?in?thousands?years?of?evolution.?Methodologically,?landscape?architecture?should?strengthen?our?legacy?of?"design?with?nature",?with?cultural?heritages?and?people?in?mind.?Noticing?the?fact?that?the?urbanization?and?globalisation?processes?are?so?fast?and?overwhelming,?a?"negative?approach"?should?be?taken?against?the?conventional?development?planning?approach.

By?"negative",?I?mean?landscape?architects?and?planners?should?lead?the?way?of?urban?development?by?identifying?and?designing,?before?development?plan,?an?ecological?infrastructure?that?are?critical?in?safeguarding?the?ecological?processes?and?cultural?heritages,?which?are?the?root?of?cultural?identity.

The?third?is?the?protection?and?recreation?of?our?spiritual?homeland.?Landscape?architecture?should?take?the?role?to?protect?and?rebuild?such?spiritual?connections?through?the?design?of?physical?landscape.

Ladscape?Today:?In?your?opinion,?what?constitutes?an?effective?landscape?design?

Dr?Yu:?An?effective?landscape?design?is?an?economic?(ecological)?approach?to?solve?the?problems?of?the?site.?Landscape?is?a?medium?upon?which?various?natural,?biological?and?cultural?processes?occur?and?interact.?Landscape?design?is?therefore?much?more?than?the?art?of?making?the?site?look?beautiful;?it?is?about?making?senses.

Landscape?architecture?is?not?a?direct?decedent?of?garden?art,?but?a?descendent?of?surviving?skills?of?our?ancestors?who?had?to?survive?and?make?living?through?sitting?in?a?changeable?environment,?making?a?safe?place?away?from?floods,?enemies,?and?making?living?by?leveling?the?land,?planting??and?irrigating?crops,?and?saving?water?and?other?resources?for?sustaining?the?family.

Ladscape?Today:?Do?you?feel?that?China?is?making?good?progress?in?creating?good?landscape?designs?

Dr?Yu:?China?has?made?some?great?progresses?in?landscape?design?in?the?past?few?years,?especially?in?new?residential?developments,?newly?developed?zones?in?cities,?as?well?as?science?and?business?parks.?However,?we?still?have?a?long?way?to?go?in?terms?of?creating?environmentally?sensitive?and?culturally?Chinese?contemporary?landscapes.

Ladscape?Today:?What?advice?would?you?give?to?young?professionals?who?want?to?make?their?contribution?to?landscape?architecture?and?to?the?society?at?large?

Dr?Yu:?I?would?like?to?give?three?a?contribution?to?the?profession?of?landscape?architecture?and??to?the?society?at?large.

First?of?all,?one?must?have?the?passion?for?the?land.?Love?for?the?land?and?then?being?dedicated?to?the??profession,?is?the?sustaining?power?to?become?a?successful?landscape?architect.?

Second,?one?must?have?a?big?picture?in?mind.?Urbanisation,?globalization?and?the?spread?of?materialism?have?positioned?landscape?architecture?as?a?profession?to?address?the?major?challenges/opportunities?in?the?coming?decades?-?this?is?the?big?picture.?And?a?successful?landscape?architect?must?have?the?social?and?environmental?responsibility,?and?this?is?especially?true?in?China.

Thirdly,?with?a?big?picture?in?mind?one?must?act?based?on?the?ground.?Try?to?accumulate?knowledge?about?people?and?their?land.?Travel?through?farms,?mountains?and?villages,?learn?about?what local?people?deal?with?land?and?water?in?order?to?survive?various?environments,?is?no?less?important?than?taking?university?courses.

Ladscape?Today:?What?kind?of?future?do?you?see?for?landscape?architects?in?China?over?the?next 3?years?

Dr?Yu:?The?profession?of?landscape?architect?in?China?is?now?at?the?cross?roads,?or?one?may?say?at?a?new?start.?One?may?remember?that?more?than?half?a?century?ago,?the?past?prominent?educator?of?landscape?architecture?Hideo?Sasaki?commented,?that?the?profession?of?landscape?architecture?stand?at?a?critical?fork?in?the?road.?One?fork?leads?to?a?significant?field?of?endeavour?contributing??to?the?betterment?of?human?environment,?while?the?other?points?to?a?subordinate?field?of?superficial?embellishment.?Unfortunately,?except?for?some?rare?cases,?landscape?architecture?in?the?past?decades?in?the?world?as?a?whole,?and?particular?in?China,?has?been?biased?toward?"a?subordinate?field?of?superficial?embellishment".?We?could?have?taken?more?important?role?in?such?most?pressing?environmental?management,?the?protection?of?biodiversity,?cultural?heritage?protection,?urbanization?and?land?resources?management.?There?are?several?reasons?for?the?weakness?for?landscape?architects?to?get?involved?in,?or?not?being?able?to?take?the?leading?role?in?dealing?with?the?big?environmental?projects?or?associated?policy?making?processes.

In?the?coming?three?years,?the?still?growing?but?more?selective?market?will?require?more?qualified?landscape?architect?professionals.?This?will?lead?to?a?great?demand?for?the?training?programmes?of?landscape?architecture?in?Chinese?universities,?which?will?lead?to?a?dramatic?development?in?the?education?of?this?profession,?and?a?great?demand?for?qualified?landscape?architecture?teachers.

There?will?also?be?a?trend?where?we?will?see?foreign?experienced?landscape?architects?and?landscape?architecture?teachers?and?young?graduates?who?are?educated?abroad?returning?to?China?to?fill?the?shortage?of?qualified?teachers.?Meanwhile,?the?next?three?years?will?be?a?critical?period?for?the?landscape?architecture?profession?in?China?to?build?up?its?profile?and?demonstrate??its?professional?territory?that:?we?are?not?gardeners,?but?landscape?architects?with?a?mission?of?saving?the?land?and?people.

Ladscape?Today:?What?projects?are?you?currently?working?on?

Dr?Yu:?There?are?about?one?hundred?projects?ongoing,?and?they?range?from?regional?ecological?infrastructure,?to?the?heritage?corridor?of?the?Grand?Canal?that?extends?more?than?1,700?kilometres?across?China,?new?towns,?new?urban?centres,?school?campuses,?new?residential?communities,?urban?squares,?parks,?river?corridors,?beaches?and?water?fronts.