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受到最近幾十年中國空前建設(shè)力度的吸引,美國和歐洲的建筑設(shè)計(jì)師正大量涌入中國,將中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人大膽的設(shè)想變成鋼筋混凝土的現(xiàn)實(shí),給中國城市的天際線打上了一種獨(dú)特的外國印記。
北京新保利大廈
上海金融中心
在許多西方國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入停滯,許多建筑項(xiàng)目由于缺乏資金而被推遲或者規(guī)模被降低的時(shí)候,中國正在加大城市化的力度--建設(shè)新的辦公塔樓、公寓樓、展廳、體育場(chǎng)館、高速火車站、近100個(gè)新機(jī)場(chǎng)。這樣大的建設(shè)力度向美國和歐洲建筑設(shè)計(jì)師提供了新的機(jī)會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)生命線,他們業(yè)內(nèi)的大部分業(yè)務(wù)仍處在艱難掙扎的狀態(tài)。
包括北京新保利大廈和上海金融中心在內(nèi)的許多現(xiàn)代中國的標(biāo)志性建筑都是由美國和歐洲建筑設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì)的。更多的項(xiàng)目正在建設(shè)中,一些項(xiàng)目的規(guī)模相當(dāng)于整座城市,例如正在上海浦東建設(shè)的工業(yè)園區(qū)。中國所有的大城市看起來都正在建設(shè)或者擴(kuò)建新的中央商務(wù)區(qū)或者金融中心,其規(guī)模通常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)美國中等城市的中心城區(qū)。
自由的創(chuàng)新
外國建筑設(shè)計(jì)師稱他們?cè)谥袊O(shè)計(jì)建筑時(shí)可以擁有最大的創(chuàng)造性。美國SOM建筑師事務(wù)所中國區(qū)總監(jiān)周學(xué)望稱:“在中國,人們沒有對(duì)建筑開發(fā)形成先入之見,這使年輕的建筑設(shè)計(jì)師有機(jī)會(huì)嘗試新的想法?!?
SOM在中國有32名雇員,正在中國進(jìn)行50個(gè)項(xiàng)目,其中12個(gè)項(xiàng)目將在未來兩年或三年完成。周學(xué)望稱:“中國幾乎就像是不同建筑設(shè)計(jì)師的一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。”
許多由外國建筑設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì)的最大型、最顯眼項(xiàng)目是由政府出資的。清華大學(xué)建筑教授彭培根和其他人稱,中國官員和一些私人開發(fā)商經(jīng)常傾向使建筑項(xiàng)目能有一個(gè)國際名字,希望借此使建筑項(xiàng)目成為地標(biāo)建筑。
本地人才的缺乏
中國也有自己的建筑設(shè)計(jì)師,但建筑設(shè)計(jì)師作為一項(xiàng)職業(yè)只是在二十世紀(jì)八十年代才被官方承認(rèn),這使中國本土有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)師數(shù)量非常少。
更少的政府審批手續(xù)
對(duì)美國建筑師的另一吸引力在于能夠在幾年內(nèi)就完成建筑項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)、建設(shè)、投入日常使用。與此形成對(duì)比的是,在美國,由于各種繁瑣的政府手續(xù),建設(shè)項(xiàng)目通常需要十多年才能最后開發(fā)完成,完成時(shí)間經(jīng)常要比這還要長(zhǎng)。
數(shù)位建筑設(shè)計(jì)師稱,開發(fā)速度也帶來了其自身的挑戰(zhàn),其中的一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是外國建筑設(shè)計(jì)師建設(shè)環(huán)境可持續(xù)型建筑物和城市的愿望經(jīng)常與當(dāng)?shù)亟ㄔO(shè)速度快、造價(jià)要低的迫切需要相沖突。
例如,一位美國建筑設(shè)計(jì)師稱,在美國,建筑物通常的設(shè)計(jì)使用壽命在75年至100年。但是在中國,私人開發(fā)商通常要求建筑物的設(shè)計(jì)使用壽命最長(zhǎng)不要超過三十年。他說:“他們對(duì)建筑物的想法就像它是一個(gè)商品,它是用完即可丟棄的?!?
Foreign architects put stamp on Chinese skyline
Drawn by a building boom unmatched in the world in recent decades, U.S. and European architects are flocking to China, turning Chinese leaders’ bold visions into concrete and steel realities and giving Chinese cityscapes a distinctly foreign signature。
At a time when many Western economies are stagnant and many construction projects have been delayed or scaled back for lack of financing, China is on a major push to urbanize - building new office towers, apartment blocks, exhibition halls, stadiums, high-speed train stations and nearly 100 new airports. The boom is offering U.S. and European architects new opportunities and an economic lifeline, as much of their industry is struggling。
Many of modern China’s iconic structures, including the New Poly Plaza and the World Trade Center in Beijing and the Shanghai World Financial Center, have been designed by U.S. and European architects。
Many more projects are in the works - in some cases, the equivalent of entire cities, such as the sprawling industrial park being built in Shanghai’s Pudong area. Every major city, it seems, is building or expanding a new central business district or financial center - often the size of the downtown of a midsize American city。
Foreign architects have been working in China since the late 1990s. But the real construction boom began in 2001, just as work slowed in the United States. China’s government estimates that 300 million people - about the population of the United States - will move into urban areas in the next 15 years。
"Train stations, airports - they really need everything," said Martin Hagel, senior architect with the German firm GMP, based in Shanghai. "It’s a place where architects want to be." He added, "The scale of things is unbelievable - building a new city is something you don’t get to do often."
And, while many U.S. developers have been wary of skyscrapers since the Sept. 11 attacks, China is a place where American architects say they can build big and tall。
Paul Katz of the New York firm Kohn Pedersen Fox, or KPF, said, "When people in the U.S. were not building tall buildings, we were here building tall buildings." Standing on the firm’s Shanghai office balcony, with sweeping views of the city, Katz said, "There’s hardly a building you see today that stood 15 years ago."
Free to innovate
China is also a place where foreign architects say they can be their most creative。
In China, "people have no preconceived notion of what building development should be," said Silas Chiow, China director for the U.S. firm Skidmore Owings Merrill, or SOM. "That gives young architects an opportunity to try new ideas." SOM designed Shanghai’s Jin Mao tower, one of the most visible buildings on the Pudong skyline, with its traditional Chinese style, as well as Beijing’s New Poly Plaza, with the world’s largest cable-net-supported glass wall, and Tower III of the World Trade Center in Beijing. SOM also designed the futuristic car-shaped Pearl River Tower, with wind turbines and solar panels。
SOM has 32 employees in China and is working on 50 projects in the country, with a dozen due to be completed in the next two or three years. "China is almost like an experimental laboratory for different architects," Chiow said。
That has drawn some criticism. A few high-profile Chinese architects and critics say some foreign designers are ignoring Chinese culture and traditions and turning China into a showcase of weirdly shaped structures better left on the drafting table。
"They’re using China as their new weapons testing zone," said Peng Peigen, a well-known architect and professor at Tsinghua University in Beijing. "These kind of stupid things they build could never be built in their own countries, in this life, the last life or the next life." Peng praised "95 percent" of the many foreign architects in China. But he said the other 5 percent are ignoring the basic design rule that "form follows function." He criticized the Swiss-designed "Bird’s Nest" stadium, used for the 2008 Olympics, as an "atrocious design" with a top-heavy roof, and called the French-designed National Grand Theater, known as "The Egg," a dysfunctional and "almost dangerous" eyesore。
Local shortage
Many of the largest, most visible projects designed by foreign architects are government-funded, and Peng and others said Chinese officials - and some private developers - often prefer to see an international name on a structure that they hope will become a landmark。
China has its own architects, but, as Peng noted, the communists who came to power in 1949 did not respect architecture as a profession. Since then, it has been officially recognized only since the 1980s, leaving too few experienced local architects。
James Shen, a 33-year-old architect from Orange County, Calif., came to China with recommendations from his Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor, a renowned Chinese architect who had previously led the architecture department at Peking University. In China, Shen said he discovered that "a lot of Chinese clients want foreign architects because they think they’ll do better-quality stuff."
Shen, who specializes in product design, also said some foreign architects are designing buildings that Chinese simply find odd or aesthetically inaccessible. "When they’re finished, people don’t always have a relationship with them," said Shen. He started his own company, People’s Architecture Office, because "we wanted to approach design in a way people can relate to it," he said。
U.S. and European architects say it is an unparalleled chance to show off their expertise, experiment with cutting-edge designs, use new energy-efficient "green" technologies, and, for young architects, an opportunity to gain experience on a massive scale。
Chiow graduated with an architecture degree from Washington University in 1985 and relocated to Shanghai in 2004 for SOM. While there is no official count on the number of foreign firms working in China, Chiow said, "All the major American practices are here."
"I’m just fascinated by the urbanization happening in China - and the speed of it," said Chiow, 51. "What China has been able to build in the last 15 years took the U.S. over a hundred years."
For Chiow, who is Chinese American, working in China has an added attraction. "I’m learning about my heritage every day," he said。
Less bureaucracy
Another lure for U.S. architects is the chance to see a project designed, built and in regular use in as little as a few years. In the United States, by contrast, with various bureaucratic hassles, projects can typically take more than a decade to come to fruition, and often much longer。
The speed of development brings its own challenges, several architects said. Among them, the foreign architects’ desire to build environmentally sustainable buildings and cities often run smack into the local imperative to build it quickly - and often build it cheaply。
For example, an American architect said that in the United States, buildings are typically designed to last 75 to 100 years, with many of the best-known and best-loved buildings, such as New York’s Empire State Building, gracefully entering late middle age. But in China, he said, the private developers often want "a building to last 30 years" maximum. "Their idea of a building is like a commodity. It’s disposable."