華盛頓潮汐湖重塑計(jì)劃啟動(dòng)，俞孔堅(jiān)“基于自然的途徑”受關(guān)注

The Tidal Basin at Its Lowest Tide

低潮時(shí)期的潮汐湖

Nature Based Solutions: An Ode to Yu

基于自然的途徑：向俞孔堅(jiān)博士致敬

文章翻譯自：Francis McGuigan from greensoap 

                    https://greensoap.substack.com/

^{▲櫻花節(jié)期間的潮汐湖與杰弗遜紀(jì)念堂}

S: We leave a mark on places and those places leave a mark on us.

Of the grand and moving places in Washington, the Tidal Basin, more nature than monument, was always the place for me. I remember:

我們?cè)诃h(huán)境中留下印記的同時(shí)，環(huán)境也給我們留下了難以忘懷的回憶。在華盛頓有著一個(gè)圣潔美麗的潮汐湖，她比紀(jì)念碑更加親近自然，是我心之神往的地方。我還記得：

the first warm spring day in 1978, skipping high school classes for the day with a foreign exchange student, and meeting President Jimmy Carter on the banks of the Tidal Basin;a moonlit evening near midnight during medical school in 1984, parked in my old mustard-yellow postal jeep on the seawall with a girlfriend, who just returned for a few days from her work on a presidential campaign trail, looking across at the Jefferson Memorial and listening to Springsteen on the radio (won’t talk about the Cop);and one of numerous picnics during the annual Cherry Blossom Festival sitting under the trees with my three small children, Shannon, Kieran and Anlon, and Teresa our Polish nanny, everyone bundled in blankets while petals of cherry blossoms swirled like pink snow and the setting sun painted the sky in shades of orange and red over the Potomac.

1978年春天的第一天，溫暖和煦，我和一個(gè)國(guó)際交流學(xué)生逃課來(lái)潮汐湖岸邊與吉米卡特總統(tǒng)“相見(jiàn)”；1984年，我還是醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)生，我?guī)е鴦倧目偨y(tǒng)競(jìng)選工作抽出身來(lái)的女朋友，在一個(gè)接近午夜的時(shí)刻將老式芥末黃postal吉普車(chē)停在了海塘，我們一邊聽(tīng)著收音機(jī)里斯普林斯汀的歌手，一邊遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)眺望杰弗遜紀(jì)念堂；我還記得在一年一度的櫻花節(jié)，落日余暉將波托馬克河上方的天空染成了橙紅色，我與我的三個(gè)孩子，香農(nóng)、基蘭、安龍還有波蘭保姆特蕾莎一同坐在樹(shù)下，裹在自己的毯子中，沉浸在櫻花花瓣如粉色雪花般片片落下的世界里。

The Tidal Basin left her mark on me.

Now, that beautiful body creates a very different impression; in part, because of the mark we left on her. Her infrastructure is crumbling. Flood waters, no longer controlled, overflow her banks at high tide and storms, leaving muck, debris and strangled cherry trees. Concrete barriers hastily installed after 9/11, still surround the Jefferson Memorial like blocks arranged in a half circle by a toddler. During the annual Cherry Blossom Festival, millions of tourists and Washingtonians unintentionally overload her with love marring her natural beauty.

Built by the Army Corps of Engineers to control flooding in the late 1800’s, the Tidal Basin was part a solution. The solution tried to control nature. Now, nature is making the solution a problem.

潮汐湖在我記憶中留下了深深的的烙印。

然而，這美麗的地方變得有些不同，或許是因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)谒砩狭粝铝颂嗟暮圹E。她的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施在瀕臨坍塌，于是洪水開(kāi)始不受控制。一次又一次的潮水和風(fēng)暴來(lái)勢(shì)兇猛，沒(méi)過(guò)海岸，最終留下隨處可見(jiàn)的淤泥、殘骸和生機(jī)不再的櫻花樹(shù)。9/11事件后，杰弗遜紀(jì)念堂四周匆匆忙忙地圍起了混凝土護(hù)欄，就好像剛學(xué)會(huì)走路的孩子用積木圍了半個(gè)圈。一年一度的櫻花節(jié)上，數(shù)百萬(wàn)的游客和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駸o(wú)意間傾注了太多對(duì)這天然美物的熱愛(ài)。

19世紀(jì)末，陸軍工團(tuán)建造了潮汐盆地來(lái)控制洪水，然而現(xiàn)在在大自然的影響下，它成了一個(gè)更大的問(wèn)題。

^{▲杰弗遜紀(jì)念堂西側(cè)潮汐湖的低潮期。左圖：杰弗遜紀(jì)念堂；右上圖：飄零的櫻花；右下圖：混凝土護(hù)欄}

O: In 1912, three thousand cherry blossom trees, a gift of the Mayor of Tokyo, were planted under the guidance of first lady Helen Taft on the banks of what was then called Twining lake.

The present day Tidal Basin seawall and bridge were constructed in the 1940’s by the Iowa engineering firm of Alexander and Repass using an integrated workforce, an unusual situation in Washington at the time.

1912年，東京市長(zhǎng)送了美國(guó)三千棵櫻桃樹(shù)作為禮物，在第一夫人海倫·塔夫特的帶領(lǐng)下，它們被種在了后來(lái)被稱(chēng)作交織湖的岸上。

20世紀(jì)40年代，亞歷山大和瑞帕斯的愛(ài)荷華工程公司建成了如今的潮汐海塘和大橋，公司當(dāng)時(shí)同時(shí)雇用了白人黑人來(lái)完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，這在當(dāng)時(shí)的華盛頓是非常罕見(jiàn)的。

The Jefferson Memorial was dedicated in 1943. The FDR Memorial opened in 1997. The Martin Luther King Memorial graced the banks of the basin in 2011. The Tidal Basin, part of the National Mall complex is under the direction of the National Park Service. The National Mall and its monuments are the crown jewel of the national parks with 29 million visitors annually.

The Tidal Basin and its monuments sit in a floodplain. Fill obtained from dredging the Washington Channel form its southern and western borders. Just like oceans, the Tidal Basin and the Potomac river experience high and low tides.

杰弗遜紀(jì)念堂于1943年竣工，羅斯福紀(jì)念碑在1997年對(duì)外開(kāi)放，2011年馬丁·路德·金紀(jì)念碑的建立更是為這片土地添光加彩。潮汐湖作為華盛頓國(guó)家廣場(chǎng)的一部分，受?chē)?guó)家公園管理局管轄。國(guó)家廣場(chǎng)和紀(jì)念碑是國(guó)家公園王冠上的明珠，每年吸引來(lái)約莫兩千九百萬(wàn)游客。

潮汐湖和紀(jì)念碑建立在灘地上，疏通華盛頓海峽產(chǎn)出的淤泥形成了南海岸線和西海岸線。像大海一樣，潮汐湖和巴托馬克河每天要面對(duì)潮漲潮落。

According to the National Climate Assessment, climate change in this region will generate higher levels of precipitation, more frequent and severe flooding, and a sea level rise of between 4.5 to 11 feet by the end of the century. The land itself is subsiding. During high tide and the swell from storms, water from the Potomac River submerges the walkway just west of the Jefferson Memorial. When the water subsides, it leaves silt and waste behind. Cherry trees in this area have already withered and died. Nature is re-exerting its supremacy.

根據(jù)國(guó)際氣象監(jiān)測(cè)局，這片區(qū)域氣候的變化會(huì)帶來(lái)更多的降水，更頻繁嚴(yán)重的洪水沖擊，本世紀(jì)末海平面預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)上升4.5到11英尺。這片土壤在下沉，在漲潮時(shí)，暴風(fēng)雨引起浪涌時(shí)，巴托馬克河里的水會(huì)淹沒(méi)杰弗遜紀(jì)念堂西邊的人行道。河水退去后，留下的是滿(mǎn)眼的淤泥和垃圾，這里的櫻花樹(shù)早已枯萎死亡。大自然似乎重新奪回了她的主控權(quán)。

Dr. Kongjian Yu, a Harvard trained architect, specializes in handling flooding problems in Chinese cities with nature based solutions. He believes in working with nature, not overcoming her with concrete. His concepts manifest in reality through hundreds of projects in cities throughout the world. He is redefining the space where land and water meet:

俞孔堅(jiān)博士是畢業(yè)于哈佛的建筑師，他擅長(zhǎng)用基于自然的途徑處理中國(guó)城市的洪澇問(wèn)題。他堅(jiān)信要利用生態(tài)修復(fù)而不是鋼筋混凝土解決問(wèn)題。他的理念在全世界百個(gè)城市項(xiàng)目中得到實(shí)踐，他重新定義了濱水空間應(yīng)該是怎樣的：

This October, the Trust for the National Mall and the National Trust for the Historic Preservation released the design concepts to the public for reinventing the Tidal Basin and its surrounding monuments. The Tidal Basin Ideas Lab contains the visions of five architectural firms for the future of the 107 acre site. It is worth taking some time to review the different interpretive, ecologic and creative processes behind each firm’s proposal(s). The estimated cost of the preservation is $500 million dollars, part of $11.6 Billion in deferred maintenance plans for the entire National Park System. In July, Congress passed H.R. 1957, the Great Outdoors Act that provides $1.9 billion a year for five years for deferred park maintenance. It is not enough.

今年10月，華盛頓國(guó)家廣場(chǎng)信托基金會(huì)和國(guó)家歷史保護(hù)信托基金會(huì)向公眾發(fā)布了重塑潮汐湖及其周?chē)o(jì)念碑的設(shè)計(jì)理念。由五家建筑公司組成的潮汐湖創(chuàng)意小組展開(kāi)了對(duì)107英畝土地的未來(lái)展望，每個(gè)公司提案背后不同的理解、生態(tài)和創(chuàng)新方面的理念還是值得去花時(shí)間細(xì)細(xì)了解下。預(yù)計(jì)從整個(gè)國(guó)家公園系統(tǒng)的延期維護(hù)費(fèi)用116億美元中撥出了大約5億美元的維護(hù)費(fèi)用進(jìn)行本次修建。并且在7月份，國(guó)會(huì)通過(guò)了1957年H.R.法案，該大戶(hù)外法案規(guī)定五年內(nèi)每年需要提供19億美元用于公園的延期維護(hù)。然而這些還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。

原文鏈接：https://greensoap.substack.com/p/the-tidal-basin-at-its-lowest-tide?token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjo0MTgxMSwicG9zdF9pZCI6MjU0NjUzNjksIl8iOiJ3aGVWTyI%E2%80%A6