《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2023年第5期

中國景觀設(shè)計(jì)職業(yè)準(zhǔn)入門檻與核心專業(yè)技能

Professional Qualification for and Core Means of Landscape Architects in China

（李迪華，《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》2023年第5期“主編寄語”）

建筑學(xué)、景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)，以及城市與區(qū)域規(guī)劃在美國被譽(yù)為城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)和生態(tài)保護(hù)領(lǐng)域的“三架馬車”^[1]。這三個(gè)專業(yè)的邊界清晰，卻相輔相成，一起履行相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)職責(zé)。當(dāng)代中國景觀學(xué)（包括園林、風(fēng)景園林、景觀建筑學(xué)、景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)、環(huán)境藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)等不同方向和名稱的探索）誕生已經(jīng)有七十余年，卻并未像人們期待的那樣成為一個(gè)擁有市場開拓能力和社會(huì)責(zé)任清晰的應(yīng)用型學(xué)科，反而一直被詬病“準(zhǔn)入門檻低”“技術(shù)含量不高”等，社會(huì)認(rèn)可不盡人意。這些問題長期困擾著中國景觀設(shè)計(jì)的行業(yè)、教育發(fā)展及其公眾認(rèn)知^[2]~[5]。

景觀學(xué)有哪些專業(yè)準(zhǔn)入門檻？景觀學(xué)的核心專業(yè)技能是什么？結(jié)合近二十年的持續(xù)探索，筆者嘗試給出一個(gè)答案。景觀學(xué)的專業(yè)準(zhǔn)入門檻體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面^[1]~[4][6]：

第一，設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)當(dāng)熟悉相關(guān)法律。自2015年起，景觀設(shè)計(jì)成為終身責(zé)任制的職業(yè)，《中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護(hù)法》（2015年1月1日起施行）、《中華人民共和國無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)法》（2023年9月1日起施行）對(duì)此均作出了明確的要求。這兩項(xiàng)法案和《中華人民共和國民法典》等法規(guī)共同構(gòu)成了設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)當(dāng)熟悉的法律要求。

第二，設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)當(dāng)掌握工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范并做到更好，包括《建筑與市政工程無障礙通用規(guī)范》（GB 55019—2021，2022年4月1日起施行）及實(shí)際項(xiàng)目中遇到的細(xì)分領(lǐng)域的各項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范。

第三，設(shè)計(jì)師要擁有同理心和職業(yè)常識(shí)，追求“只有使用者想不到的，沒有設(shè)計(jì)師想不到的”的建成環(huán)境，愿意終身為具體的人付出，為弱者付出，為細(xì)節(jié)付出，為未來付出。

第四，設(shè)計(jì)師是具備專業(yè)勝任力的職業(yè)人士。法律和社會(huì)需求賦予設(shè)計(jì)師的各項(xiàng)職能——維護(hù)公共利益、呵護(hù)人的健康與生命安全、改善人和其他生命的生存福祉、維護(hù)地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)可持續(xù)供給，以及探索適應(yīng)全球氣候變化的解決方案——都需要我們主動(dòng)擔(dān)當(dāng)。

第五，用最高的職業(yè)道德要求自己，職業(yè)倫理、行業(yè)自律是專業(yè)素養(yǎng)提升的基本保障。

景觀學(xué)的核心專業(yè)技能在于：其一，擁有統(tǒng)籌項(xiàng)目落地的專業(yè)能力。任何項(xiàng)目都是包括項(xiàng)目建議、評(píng)估策劃、規(guī)劃、設(shè)計(jì)、方案深化、施工圖設(shè)計(jì)、施工、監(jiān)理、驗(yàn)收、建成使用后評(píng)價(jià)、使用和維護(hù)等復(fù)雜環(huán)節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)體系，景觀設(shè)計(jì)師是當(dāng)仁不讓的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)項(xiàng)目全過程的最佳角色！其二，具備完成循證設(shè)計(jì)所需的設(shè)計(jì)知識(shí)、方法與價(jià)值觀念，以及做好交叉學(xué)科和跨學(xué)科實(shí)踐研究的能力。合格的景觀設(shè)計(jì)師能夠從跨學(xué)科與跨領(lǐng)域知識(shí)、場地、使用者、審美、社會(huì)責(zé)任和設(shè)計(jì)語言等方面構(gòu)建設(shè)計(jì)的邏輯框架。其三，擁有通過設(shè)計(jì)助推城市居民觀念和生活方式轉(zhuǎn)型的能力，景觀設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)當(dāng)是通往未知和未來的創(chuàng)新實(shí)踐的引領(lǐng)者與倡導(dǎo)者。其四，具備傾聽、溝通、表達(dá)、協(xié)作和合作的能力，包括謙和的態(tài)度、清晰的語言和靈活多樣的交流與表達(dá)手段。其五，擁有與時(shí)俱進(jìn)及終身學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用前沿技術(shù)和現(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用能力。設(shè)計(jì)是關(guān)乎“改變”的職業(yè)，鮮有設(shè)計(jì)師會(huì)一直做相似的項(xiàng)目或只在一地做項(xiàng)目，學(xué)習(xí)新知識(shí)和保持良好的工作習(xí)慣對(duì)于掌握層出不窮的新技術(shù)和滿足不斷變化的條件與場景需求至關(guān)重要。^[5]~[8]

景觀設(shè)計(jì)師如果能夠推動(dòng)建設(shè)“走路無需看路的城市”和“遇到石頭都能說三句話”的人和人之間彼此信任的和諧家園，那么景觀學(xué)的社會(huì)地位就一定不可替代?！稛o障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)法》的實(shí)施為設(shè)計(jì)師創(chuàng)造了這樣的機(jī)會(huì)^[6]~[10]，這要求我們做到：第一，統(tǒng)籌景觀工程落地的全過程，做到從方案建議到設(shè)計(jì)、施工和使用維護(hù)“一路向好”來取得滿意成果；第二，通過精心設(shè)計(jì)的細(xì)節(jié)帶來對(duì)人的無微不至的關(guān)懷和令人驚嘆的美；第三，轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，包括對(duì)人、對(duì)自然的態(tài)度，以及對(duì)自我的反思與重構(gòu)，能夠適應(yīng)多樣的環(huán)境和多變的社會(huì)需求；第四，推進(jìn)跨學(xué)科、跨領(lǐng)域的研究與實(shí)踐，包括但遠(yuǎn)不局限于建筑學(xué)、城市規(guī)劃、景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)，以及法學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、老年學(xué)、信息技術(shù)、神經(jīng)科學(xué)、精神健康、心理與行為科學(xué)、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、材料科學(xué)、工程管理等學(xué)科間的合作；第五，將無障礙環(huán)境建設(shè)作為氣候適應(yīng)性城市建設(shè)的途徑。

總而言之，設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)乎時(shí)代使命的思想表達(dá)。景觀學(xué)作為美麗中國事業(yè)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展落地和的支撐性學(xué)科，能否引領(lǐng)未來，取決于我們是否愿意從專業(yè)準(zhǔn)入門檻、專業(yè)技術(shù)水平、專業(yè)教育和行業(yè)自律等方面不斷提高對(duì)自身要求。

Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban and Regional Planning are three major professions leading urban and rural development and ecological conservation in the United States^[1]. Although having clear boundaries, they are complementary each other to fulfill professional responsibilities in related fields. Although contemporary Landscape Architecture has been introduced for more than seventy years in China, it has not become an applied profession with mature market and well-defined social responsibility as expected. Instead, landscape architects have often been criticized for being “easily qualified” and “l(fā)ow technic requirements,” resulting in unsatisfactory social recognition. Such issues have long-time hindered the development of Landscape Architecture profession and education in China, as well as its public perception^[2]~[5].

How to be qualified for practicing Landscape Architecture? And what are the core means of this profession? Combining with nearly twenty years’ continuous exploration, the author attempts to answer these questions by proposing the suggestions for landscape architects’ professional qualification as the followings^[1]~[4][6]:

First, landscape architects should have knowledge about relevant laws. Since 2015, Landscape Architecture has become a profession with lifelong responsibility, for which both The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (effective on January 1, 2015) and The Barrier-Free Environment Creation Law of the People’s Republic of China (effective on September 1, 2023) have raised explicit requirements. These two laws together with The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China and other laws set the legal requirements for landscape architects.

Second, landscape architects should be familiar with relevant design and engineering norms, including General Codes for Accessibility of Buildings and Municipal Engineering Projects (GB 55019-2021, effective on April 1, 2022) and relevant standards in specific fields in dealing with actual projects.

Third, landscape architects should have empathy and professional common sense, create the built-environment by “thinking ahead of users’ needs,” taking the mission to devote themselves to persons, to the vulnerable, to the details, and to the future.

Fourth, landscape architects should have professional competency. Laws and the society demand landscape architects in various aspects—ensuring public interests, caring for user safety and health, improving well-beings of human and other creatures, maintaining ecosystem health and sustainability, provisioning of ecosystem services, and exploring adaptive solutions for global climate change—which all call for proactivity.

Fifth, landscape architects should hold rigid professional ethics and accept industry self-regulation, which guarantee the growth of the profession.

The professional core means, covering skills, techniques, and methods of landscape architects, include the following aspects. First, the competence to coordinate project implementation. Any project should be established within a “whole-process architecture,” ranging from proposal, assessment, planning, design, detail plans, construction design, construction, supervision, acceptance inspection, to post-occupation evaluation, and maintenance. Landscape architects are the best actor to manage the whole process! Second, landscape architects have the design knowledge, techniques, and value system to conduct evidence-based design, and the ability for cross- and inter-disciplinary research. Qualified landscape architects can construct a logical framework for design at least covering interdisciplinary knowledge, site, users, aesthetics, social responsibility, and design language. Third, landscape architects have the ability to transform citizens’ perceptions and lifestyles through design interventions, and should be leaders in advocating innovative practices towards the unknown and the future. Fourth, the professionals should have an open mind for communication, be good at expression, and embrace collaboration and cooperation, which require landscape architects have a humble attitude, explicit language, and flexible and diverse means of communication and expression. Fifth, landscape architects need to prepare for lifelong learning, be able to update their knowledge and apply advanced techniques with times, and can practice by immidiate learning. Landscape Architecture is a profession of changes. Few of them would do the same type of projects or practice only at a same city or region all the time, which makes it crucial to keep learning new knowledge and maintain good working habits to master infinite new technologies and meeting the demands of ever-changing conditions and scenarios.^[5]~[8]

If landscape architects can truly promote the construction of harmonious cities where people live in safe, joyful environment and trust each other, we will gain an irreplaceable social recognition. Now the enactment of The Barrier-Free Environment Creation Law has offered such an opportunity^[6]~[10]. First, we need to be the landscape project coordinator to pursue a satisfactory result by doing better step by step in the whole process; second, care for people and create breathtaking beauty through meticulous and detailed design; third, change mind and attitudes about people, nature, and embrace self-reflection, to adapt to diverse environmental conditions and changing social needs; fourth, promote cross- and inter-disciplinary research and practice, including but not limited to Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning, Landscape Architecture, Law, Sociology, Economics, Gerontology, Information Technology, Neuroscience, Mental Health, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Product Design, Material Sciences, and Engineering Management; and fifth, make barrier-free environmental construction an approach to realizing the development of climate-adaptive cities.

In sum, design is the expression of thoughts on the mission of the times. As a discipline that supports the construction of Beautiful China and sustainable development, whether Landscape Architecture can lead the future urban development depends on how we will continuously improve the standards of professional qualification, skills, techniques, methods, education, and self-regulation.

REFERENCE

[1]   Yu, K., & Li, D. (2005). Landscape Architecture: The Profession and Education. China Architecture & Building Press.

[2]   Yu, K. (1998). Challenges and opportunities for China’s Landscape Architecture in the light of the three development stages of the world Landscape Architecture. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 14(1), 17–21.

[3]   Yang, Y. (2021). A brief history of Chinese Landscape Architecture discipline. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37(1), 6–11.

[4]   Zhang, J., & Yang, R. (2021). Development of world Landscape Architecture discipline. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37(1), 12–15.

[5]   Li, D. (2020). Struggles and opportunities of the discipline and profession of Landscape Architecture in China’s territorial spatial planning reform. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 8(1), 84–91.

[6]   Yu, K. (2005). The Art of Survival. China Architecture & Building Press.

[7]   Lv, S. (2022). Advance the construction of inclusive cities for all via statutory powers. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 10(3), 4–7.

[8]   Li, D., Zhuge, X., & Chen, S. (2023). The development history of the U.S. Barrier-Free Environment Legal System and its inspiration. Environmental and Resources Law Review, (14), 183–213.

[9]   Li, D., & Lu, Q. (2023). Reconstructing the qualification and education system of China’s planning and design profession. The City of People, Empowered by Planning: Proceedings of the Annual National Planning Conference 2023. China Architecture & Building Press.

[10]  Editorial Board of Beijing Future Accessibility Environment. (2023). Beijing Future Accessibility Environment. China Architecture & Building Press.

主編寄語

中國景觀設(shè)計(jì)職業(yè)準(zhǔn)入門檻與核心專業(yè)技能／李迪華

論文

社交媒體文本數(shù)據(jù)分析方法對(duì)比與適用性研究：以北京市城市公園感知為例／尚珍宇，程可欣，簡鈺清，王志芳

提供蔭涼的樹木——針對(duì)緩和城市局地氣候的樹木形態(tài)類型學(xué)描述框架／勒內(nèi)·范·德·維德，薩斯凱亞·德·威特，米希爾·鮑得羅伊真

阮朝時(shí)期越南古典園林探索——與中國古典園林的比較研究／杜謙·陳，瑪麗亞·伊格納提瓦，羅桑格拉·特諾里奧

觀點(diǎn)與評(píng)論

協(xié)作式生態(tài)更新——采用適應(yīng)性工具包重塑生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施并以北京市實(shí)踐為例／張馳

海岸、社會(huì)行動(dòng)與建筑生產(chǎn)：評(píng)《社在必行：中國的建筑與城市》／蘇暢

探索與過程

水文飛地：深圳非供水水庫的適應(yīng)性管理／孫曙陽

【中文刊名】《景觀設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】李迪華（LI Dihua），尚珍宇（SHANG Zhenyu），程可欣（CHENG Kexin），簡鈺清（JIAN Yuqing）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【頁碼】91頁彩色印刷

【刊號(hào)】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2023年10月

社交媒體文本數(shù)據(jù)分析方法對(duì)比與適用性研究：以北京市城市公園感知為例

Comparison and Applicability Study of Analysis Methods for Social Media Text Data: Taking Perception of Urban Parks in Beijing as an Example

作者：尚珍宇，程可欣，簡鈺清，王志芳 Zhenyu SHANG, Kexin CHENG, Yuqing JIAN, Zhifang WANG

摘要

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)科技和媒體的蓬勃發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了大量社交媒體數(shù)據(jù)，基于自發(fā)評(píng)論文本進(jìn)行社會(huì)感知分析逐漸成為研究熱點(diǎn)，也開始被應(yīng)用于城市公園使用情況和情感認(rèn)知的研究中。鑒于現(xiàn)有研究大都應(yīng)用單一的文本分析方法，本研究嘗試開展社交媒體文本數(shù)據(jù)分析方法的對(duì)比研究，并揭示其在公園感知研究中的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)和適用性。研究選擇在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用的詞典模型和LDA模型，以大眾點(diǎn)評(píng)網(wǎng)站上北京10座城市公園的點(diǎn)評(píng)文本為研究數(shù)據(jù)，分別從單個(gè)公園和公園整體使用感知兩個(gè)層面進(jìn)行文本分析，并對(duì)比分析感知主題的分類結(jié)果。結(jié)果表明：詞典模型更有利于在公園間進(jìn)行橫向?qū)Ρ确治觯籐DA模型則可以直觀顯示公園特色和游客感知偏好；綜合運(yùn)用兩種模型可優(yōu)化公園感知評(píng)估。兩種方法揭示了北京城市公園游客對(duì)公園的關(guān)注主要集中于社交活動(dòng)的需求、自然景觀帶來的視覺審美需求，以及交通設(shè)施狀況和城市公園消費(fèi)情況。本研究既可為社交媒體文本分析方法的選擇和使用提供優(yōu)化建議，又可為公園建設(shè)與管理改進(jìn)提供依據(jù)與指導(dǎo)。

關(guān)鍵詞

社會(huì)感知；文本分析；詞典；隱含狄利克雷分布（LDA）；城市公園；景觀感知

Abstract 

The booming Internet technology and media have generated large sets of social media data, with which the social sensing analyses based on users’ reviews have become a research hotspot and have been increasingly applied in the study of urban park usage and perception. However, most existing studies adopt a single model for text data processing. To fill this gap, this study aims to compare social media text data analysis methods and assess their advantages, disadvantages and applicability in park perception research. The Lexicon-based classification analysis model (lexicon model) and LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) model widely used in relevant research were selected. Based on text data obtained from public reviews of 10 urban parks in Beijing on Dianping, this study explored the perception topic distribution of each park and all parks in general, and compared the classification results of perception topics between these two models. Results show that the lexicon model is conducive to the parallel comparison of perception frequency between parks, while the LDA model can directly reflect each park’s characteristics and visitors’ perception preferences; the combined use of the two models can optimize park perception assessment. Results from the two methods reveal that visitors to urban parks in Beijing focused more on their social recreation needs and visual aesthetics brought by the natural landscape, as well as conditions of the transportation facilities and the consumption in the parks. This research can provide optimization suggestions for the selection and use of social media text analysis methods, and a basis and guidance for park construction and management improvement.

Keywords

Social Sensing; Text Analysis; Lexicon; Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) ; Urban Park; Landscape Perception

提供蔭涼的樹木——針對(duì)緩和城市局地氣候的樹木形態(tài)類型學(xué)描述框架

Cool Tree Architecture: A Descriptive Framework for a Tree Architecture Typology to Temper Urban Microclimates

作者：勒內(nèi)·范·德·維德，薩斯凱亞·德·威特，米希爾·鮑得羅伊真 René van der VELDE*, Saskia de WIT, Michiel POUDEROIJEN

摘要

作為城市森林的基本單元，樹木可通過遮蔭和蒸騰，以及改變空氣流動(dòng)等途徑來調(diào)節(jié)城市局地氣候中的極端高溫。然而，目前用來衡量不同樹種遮蔭效果的指標(biāo)還很有限，因此需要開發(fā)一種新的方法來填補(bǔ)。本文提出了一種通過對(duì)影響太陽輻射反射率、吸收率和透射率等樹木物理特性進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)化描述來篩選樹種的方法。這一描述性框架基于“樹木結(jié)構(gòu)”概念——樹木結(jié)構(gòu)已發(fā)展成為植物研究領(lǐng)域中一個(gè)專門研究植物的外觀、形態(tài)和發(fā)育過程的方向。該框架包含了樹冠、枝干和樹葉三大總體特征中的多個(gè)子形態(tài)特征，可用于探究“可提供蔭涼的樹木形態(tài)類型學(xué)”（Cool Tree Architecture Typology，C-TAT），并將具有共同物理特征的樹種進(jìn)行分類。通過樹木的野外對(duì)照實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察，進(jìn)一步細(xì)化了子形態(tài)特征，形成了新的描述指標(biāo)，成為了C-TAT分類的關(guān)鍵。C-TAT適用于大西洋氣候帶等地區(qū)的城市中的樹種形態(tài)類型劃分，可對(duì)現(xiàn)有樹木進(jìn)行更快速的評(píng)估和降溫績效計(jì)算，并有助于樹木管理者對(duì)城市開發(fā)項(xiàng)目中的樹木制定更準(zhǔn)確的熱性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。本文也從城市局地氣候的角度豐富了樹木結(jié)構(gòu)的研究內(nèi)涵與方法。

關(guān)鍵詞

樹木結(jié)構(gòu)；城市熱島；氣候適應(yīng)；城市局地氣候調(diào)節(jié)；可提供蔭涼的樹木形態(tài)類型學(xué)

Abstract 

As the elementary unit of the urban forest, trees temper thermal extremes in urban microclimates through shading and evapotranspiration, and by altering the movement of air. Metrics on shade performances of different species, however, are currently limited, which can be remedied by the development of a method to describe the range of species and cultivars via a structured overview of physical characteristics impacting radiation reflectivity, absorptivity, and transmissivity. This paper proposes a descriptive framework based on the concept of “tree architecture,” which has developed into a recognized field of plant study from the perspective of their physiognomy, morphology, and morphogenesis. The framework describes various architectural sub-traits within the overall trait categories of Crown, Wood, and Foliage. The descriptive framework can be used to develop a “Cool Tree Architecture Typology” (C-TAT), in which trees can be organized into similar types based on common physical characteristics. Further elaboration of sub-traits using observations of trees in controlled field laboratories resulted in new derivative classes for use as key in classifications for the C-TAT. The C-TAT can be used to organize the many species and cultivars occurring in, for example, Cfb Atlantic climate zone cities, to a lesser number of architectural types. This allows for more rapid evaluation and cooling performance calculations of tree inventories and can also be of value in assisting tree managers to propose more accurate thermal performance standards for trees in urban projects. The elaboration of tree architecture from an urban microclimate perspective complements existing elaborations and approaches in the field of tree architecture.

Keywords

Tree Architecture; Urban Heat Island; Climate Adaptation; Urban Microclimate Amelioration; Cool Tree Architecture Typology

阮朝時(shí)期越南古典園林探索——與中國古典園林的比較研究

Exploring Classical Vietnamese Gardens Under the Nguyen Dynasty: A Comparative Study With Chinese Counterparts

作者：杜謙·陳，瑪麗亞·伊格納提瓦，羅桑格拉·特諾里奧 Duy Khiem TRAN, Maria IGNATIEVA, Rosangela TENORIO

摘要

本文通過研究歷史文獻(xiàn)、繪畫和現(xiàn)存園林，探討了越南阮朝時(shí)期（1802－1945）建造的古典園林的類型和特點(diǎn)。依據(jù)研究結(jié)果，作者將越南古典園林劃分為兩類：皇家園林和皇家陵園。研究通過大量對(duì)比明清時(shí)期的中國園林實(shí)例，認(rèn)為越南園林受到中國文化的深刻影響，并展現(xiàn)出許多與中國園林相似的特點(diǎn)與元素。園林布局、亭臺(tái)樓閣的建筑風(fēng)格、假山、水體、橋梁等園林元素，以及植物材料的運(yùn)用都受到中國文化的影響，但又根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂驐l件和園主的喜好進(jìn)行了調(diào)整。例如，二者在水景、橋梁、植物品種、石材等元素的排布和設(shè)計(jì)上都有所不同。深入了解越南古典園林的文化意義和獨(dú)特性有助于促進(jìn)相關(guān)保護(hù)和修復(fù)工作。通過剖析和比較中國和越南園林的設(shè)計(jì)思想，本研究揭示了東亞園林設(shè)計(jì)多樣的表現(xiàn)形式和適應(yīng)性。

關(guān)鍵詞

越南古典園林；皇家園林；皇家陵園；阮朝；中國古典園林；道家思想；儒家思想；自然

Abstract 

This paper explores the typologies and characteristics of classical Vietnamese gardens built in the Nguyen Dynasty (1802–1945) by examining historical records, paintings, and existing gardens. The findings highlight the presence of two distinct types of classical gardens in Vietnam: imperial gardens and imperial mausoleum gardens. Numerous examples from Chinese gardens constructed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties are employed for comparison with Vietnamese gardens. Influenced by Chinese culture, Vietnamese gardens exhibit numerous shared characteristics and elements with their Chinese counterparts. Layouts, architectural styles of pavilions, garden elements such as rockeries, ponds, and bridges, as well as plant materials were inspired by Chinese gardens, yet they were adapted to align with local conditions, such as climate and garden owners’ preferences. For example, the arrangement and design of some elements, like waterscapes and bridges, species of plants and stone materials were different. Understanding the cultural significance and uniqueness of Vietnamese classical gardens contributes to their preservation and restoration. By recognizing and comparing the philosophical approaches to garden design in China and Vietnam, this research sheds light on the diverse expressions and adaptations of garden design in East Asia.

Keywords

Classical Vietnamese Gardens; Imperial Gardens; Imperial Mausoleum Gardens; Nguyen Dynasty; Classical Chinese Gardens; Taoism; Confucianism; Nature

協(xié)作式生態(tài)更新——采用適應(yīng)性工具包重塑生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施并以北京市實(shí)踐為例

Collaborative Ecological Regeneration—An Adaptable Toolkit for Reviving Ecological Infrastructures With Case Study on Beijing’s Practices

作者：張馳 Chi ZHANG

摘要

在全球可持續(xù)生態(tài)城市建設(shè)浪潮中，北京以“和諧宜居之都”為目標(biāo)，基于生態(tài)安全格局制定《北京城市總體規(guī)劃（2016—2035）》，并在中心城區(qū)實(shí)施了一系列生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施改造項(xiàng)目。本研究基于生態(tài)都市主義理論，指出這些城市更新實(shí)踐是聯(lián)系城市綠色愿景與個(gè)人日常行為的關(guān)鍵。本文構(gòu)建了一個(gè)包含環(huán)境生態(tài)、社會(huì)生態(tài)和心理生態(tài)三個(gè)維度的理論框架，并設(shè)定了生態(tài)更新實(shí)踐的三重評(píng)價(jià)要點(diǎn)：修復(fù)生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、激活社區(qū)、重建社會(huì)－環(huán)境共生關(guān)系。本文據(jù)此評(píng)估北京首鋼工業(yè)遺址公園項(xiàng)目的城市更新過程，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中有機(jī)會(huì)構(gòu)建景觀與公眾參與活動(dòng)、市民環(huán)保行動(dòng)的關(guān)聯(lián)。本文提出改進(jìn)的實(shí)踐模式——“協(xié)作式生態(tài)更新”，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)合中尺度景觀更新與市民參與，并提供包含三個(gè)維度上設(shè)計(jì)策略的適應(yīng)性工具包，在修復(fù)中小尺度生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的同時(shí)，可形成包容性社會(huì)協(xié)作平臺(tái)并提升個(gè)人環(huán)境意識(shí)。其中的關(guān)鍵工具“城市原型”既能聯(lián)系不同維度上的策略，又可將實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)概念化，進(jìn)而應(yīng)用于構(gòu)建新策略。作為示范，本文將之應(yīng)用于北京中心城區(qū)實(shí)踐，展示出這種新的實(shí)踐模式的開放式城市更新過程，在適應(yīng)不同城市條件與利益相關(guān)者需求的過程中形成新的城市原型，可有助于逐步構(gòu)建北京的綠色未來。

關(guān)鍵詞

城市更新；生態(tài)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；協(xié)作式生態(tài)更新；包容性社會(huì)協(xié)作；社會(huì)－環(huán)境共生關(guān)系；城市原型；公眾參與；首鋼工業(yè)遺址公園

Abstract 

In the background of developing sustainable cities worldwide, Beijing aims at “a harmonious and livable city” with Master Plan of Beijing (2016–2035) based on Ecological Security Patterns and a series of renewal projects on ecological infrastructure in the central city. Based on Ecological Urbanism, this study pointed out such practices can help link this green vision to individuals’ actions. The theoretical lens consists of environmental, social and mental ecology, and provides triad indicators for regenerative ecological practices—restore ecological infrastructure, revive neighborhoods, rebuild social-environmental bond. Critical evaluation of an exemplar—Shougang Industry Services Park project revealed gaps on relating landscape with users’ engagement and individuals’ everyday actions. An evolved practice model—“collaborative ecological regeneration” was proposed, to integrate intermediary landscapes transformation with participation. It is supported by an adaptable toolkit including strategies on three aspects to care for EI components, form inclusive social collaboration and raise environmental awareness. The key tool “Urban Prototypes” can connect tactics across layers, conceptualize previous practices, and link to future ones, with proposed application to Beijing inner-city practices setting a few examples. This new mode indicates an open-ended regeneration process, while Urban Prototypes could be adapted to urban dynamics and stakeholders’ desires.

Keywords

Urban Regeneration; Ecological Infrastructure; Collaborative Ecological Regeneration; Inclusive Social Collaboration; Socio-Environmental Bond; Urban Prototypes; Public Participation; Shougang Industry Services Park

海岸、社會(huì)行動(dòng)與建筑生產(chǎn)：評(píng)《社在必行：中國的建筑與城市》

The Coast, Social Actions, and Architectural Production: A Review of The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China

作者：蘇暢 Chang SU

摘要

我們能否客觀地思辨中國過去四十年的建筑生產(chǎn)？我們應(yīng)如何梳理、理解這場人類歷史上前所未有的建成景觀之變化？在《社在必行：中國的建筑與城市》一書中，編者黃向軍從自身歷時(shí)三年的研究出發(fā)，匯集了一份反映伴隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)改革，中國的建筑與社會(huì)多重糾葛的“資料”。這篇書評(píng)在建筑與地理的探究視角下——即中國沿海與內(nèi)陸地區(qū)之間和諧發(fā)展的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系——通過分析不同地理形態(tài)下建筑的“社會(huì)內(nèi)核”，嘗試橫向解讀這本匯聚了多學(xué)科思想結(jié)晶的文集，幫助實(shí)踐者和廣大讀者了解建筑和城市發(fā)展進(jìn)程背后的復(fù)雜力量，為中國、周邊地區(qū)及其他國家的建筑師應(yīng)在未來建筑生產(chǎn)過程中擔(dān)當(dāng)怎樣的角色提供了啟發(fā)。

關(guān)鍵詞

建筑；建筑生產(chǎn)；城市；社會(huì)；沿海地區(qū)；內(nèi)陸地區(qū)；地理；《社在必行：中國的建筑與城市》

Abstract 

Is it possible to intellectually grasp the production of architecture in China over the past four decades? How should we make sense of such an unprecedented transformation of the built landscape in human history? Based on a three-year study by the editor H. Koon Wee, the book The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China presents a “sourcebook” that gathers multiple entanglements between architecture and society of China’s economic reform era. This review attempts to provide an architectural-geographical perspective for readers to dive into this deep volume of collected essays: the socio-economic rapport between China’s coastal regions and the hinterland. By situating architecture’s “social imperatives” between geographies, this review presents a lateral reading across this multidisciplinary volume of work that would inform both practitioners and the broader audience on understanding the complex forces behind the process of architecture and the city, and contemplating the future role of the architect in, around, and beyond China.

Keywords

Architecture; Architectural Production; City; Society; Coastal Region; Hinterland; Geography; The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China

水文飛地：深圳非供水水庫的適應(yīng)性管理

Hydrological Enclaves: Adaptive Management of Non-Water Supply Reservoirs in Shenzhen, China

作者：孫曙陽 Shuyang SUN

摘要

本文重點(diǎn)關(guān)注深圳的城市水域，尤其是自2019年跨城區(qū)集中化供水工程啟動(dòng)以來正在經(jīng)歷快速轉(zhuǎn)變的小型水庫。該供水工程的任務(wù)包括提升深圳市的跨流域調(diào)水能力（西江引水）、建設(shè)兩個(gè)儲(chǔ)水量超過1億立方米的大型水庫，以及推動(dòng)廢棄小型水庫的退役。水庫的退役過程是指將無法支持供水管理系統(tǒng)集中高效運(yùn)作的小型水庫從飲用水源供水水庫改造為非飲用水源供水水庫，隨之降級(jí)的水源保護(hù)政策使小型水庫極易受到城市發(fā)展的威脅，進(jìn)而引發(fā)一系列生態(tài)和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。

“水文飛地”一詞揭示了深圳即將退役的小型水庫背后三個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的現(xiàn)實(shí)：首先，這些水庫被高密度城市環(huán)境所包圍，形成了獨(dú)特的形態(tài)；其次，它們的存在長期不為公眾知曉與關(guān)注；第三，它們與所屬的更大尺度的景觀系統(tǒng)之間存在復(fù)雜的水文社會(huì)關(guān)系，暗示了潛在的景觀干預(yù)空間。本項(xiàng)目建議將這類小型水庫作為分散的離網(wǎng)供水系統(tǒng)水源，以期提高當(dāng)?shù)氐墓┧g性。與此同時(shí)，從并網(wǎng)水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施向離網(wǎng)水基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的轉(zhuǎn)變需要借助新的分流域管理方案來確保水源的儲(chǔ)量與質(zhì)量。

本文呈現(xiàn)了一個(gè)迭代的設(shè)計(jì)–研究過程，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注位于深圳市塘朗山西北山腳的一系列小型水庫。在探究場地復(fù)雜生態(tài)水文關(guān)系及景觀所蘊(yùn)含機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)的同時(shí)，也對(duì)銀湖山郊野公園將這些非飲用水源供水水庫排除在管理邊界之外的現(xiàn)狀提出了質(zhì)疑。項(xiàng)目提出的水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施同時(shí)可發(fā)揮必要的教育功能，通過策劃的視覺和觸覺體驗(yàn)向人們展示景觀性能及其與水安全之間的重要聯(lián)系。

關(guān)鍵詞

水安全；供水水庫；非供水水庫；水利基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施；教育設(shè)施；深圳

Abstract 

This research focuses on Shenzhen’s “urban waters,” particularly small-sized reservoirs that are undergoing rapid transformations due to the cross-municipality water supply centralization project launched in 2019, which includes the expansion of trans-basin water transfer capacity, the completion of Shenzhen’s first-ever two large-sized reservoirs, and the decommissioning of small-sized reservoirs. Applying an iterative design-research process, this project focuses on a chain of small reservoirs located along the northwestern foothills of Tanglang Mountain and uses the term “Hydrological Enclaves” to reveal the three interconnected realities of these soon-to-be decommissioned small-sized reservoirs in Shenzhen. First, it indicates their unique morphology of being surrounded by dense urban fabric; second, it refers to the fact that these small-sized reservoirs have long been “out of sight, out of mind” for that their existence is rarely known by the public; and third, it reveals the complex hydrosocial relationships between reservoirs and the larger landscape system of which they are part. This project aims to adapt these soon-to-be decommissioned small-sized reservoirs into decentralized off-grid water sources to increase local water resiliency. Simultaneously, the proposed water infrastructure also plays a much-needed educational role where visual and tactile experiences are curated to exhibit landscape performance and its critical connection with water security.

Keywords

Water Security; Water Supply Reservoir; Non-Water Supply Reservoir; Water Infrastructure; Educational Infrastructure; Shenzhen