▼項目總覽
Overview of the project
長期以來，“在城市上建造城市”一直是城市更新的標準做法。然而，我們的城市現(xiàn)代化在很大程度上忽視了這一理念，并將問題復(fù)雜化。由于嚴峻的環(huán)境問題給建筑業(yè)帶來經(jīng)濟方面的現(xiàn)實挑戰(zhàn)，這種做法再次興起，且比以往更受青睞。
重視現(xiàn)有建筑的修繕與保留，甚至超越了作為遺跡來考量，正成為一種可行的建造方式，這既節(jié)省能源又理性清晰，也是可循環(huán)材料的來源，還是在建筑物功能的轉(zhuǎn)變中探索新用途的絕佳機會。進入到這樣一棟建筑中，它不僅承載著過去的生活記憶和歷史變遷，展現(xiàn)著以往的功能，建筑古老的故事還豐富了暢想，孵化出新故事，將想象照進現(xiàn)實。
這也是為什么我們喜歡用“蛻變”這個詞，而不是“復(fù)原”的原因：對我們來說，它意味著在舊物的基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造出新生事物，這比單純意義上的“保留”潛藏著更豐富的內(nèi)涵。
由于要將改造場地與現(xiàn)存建筑間建立起新的連系，再加上項目規(guī)模帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，設(shè)計團隊在改造巴黎第13區(qū)露爾辛兵營項目時進行了大膽創(chuàng)新。在這個建筑密集、富有活力的中心城區(qū)，兵營已成為一個獨特的區(qū)域，將其開放的空間與周邊環(huán)境融合重塑，許多新的故事將被講述。這種演變基于對巴黎遺產(chǎn)的重新開發(fā)，項目方案并不主張打造一座將被時間冰封沉寂的博物館，而是讓街區(qū)再次煥發(fā)新生，成為城市振興的一種方式。
"Building a city on a city" has long been the standard approach to urban renewal.Our modernity has largely ignored and further complicated this practice that is now coming back all the more strongly due to the economic realities of construction being challenged by the severity of environmental issues.
Rehabilitating and preserving existing buildings, even over and above considerations of heritage, is becoming a viable means of saving energy and sobriety, a source of reusable materials and a great opportunity to discover new uses resulting from conversion. Entering a building with its past life and its history, its previous uses, means imagining new stories to tell based on older tales and the richness of their promise.
That is why we like to use the term "Metamorphosis" rather than rehabilitation: for us, it means building on the old to create something new and richer still than what might have been preserved.
The project to transform the Lourcine barracks in the 13th Arrondissement of Paris is ambitious and innovative, due to both its scale and above all to the new relationship it creates with the existing buildings. In the heart of a very built-up and innervated district where the barracks has hitherto formed a distinct area, opening up the site to its immediate environment helps to tell those new stories. This evolution is based on an approach to the redevelopment of Parisian heritage, which in this case is envisaged not so much as a museum exhibit frozen in time, but as a means of regenerating the city, capable of breathing new life into the district.
▼項目效果
Effect drawing of the project
▼露爾辛兵營場地的蛻變
"Metamorphosis" of the Lourcine barracks
▼戶外庭院
The outdoor courtyard
坐落在20世紀巴黎城市規(guī)劃核心地帶的軍事基地
A military site at the heart of urban planning in Paris in the twentieth century
▼兵營舊建筑
Old barracks building
早在法國大革命之前，這里就已經(jīng)是軍事基地。自19世紀末以來，一直保持著現(xiàn)有狀態(tài)。露辛爾兵營場地內(nèi)的地形在閱兵場和皇家港大道之間趨于平坦，并向拉格拉西爾街略有傾斜，但在東側(cè)的布羅卡街（一條中世紀的古老街巷）地勢低了近5米。
這使得自然光線得以通過具有主要地基結(jié)構(gòu)的大窗戶，照進2號建筑物的地下室。這種地形營造形式展示了19世紀的主要土方工程的發(fā)展。
While this had been a military site since well before the French revolution, it has been in its current configuration since the end of the nineteenth century. The topography of the land in the Lourcine barracks presents a flat area between the parade ground and Boulevard de Port Royal and a slight slope towards Rue de la Glacière, but on the eastern side Rue Broca (an ancient medieval lane) is almost five metres lower.
This allows for natural light to enter the basement floors of building 2 through large windows with a major foundation. This topography bears witness to the major earthworks and development undertaken in the nineteenth century.
▼自然光線通過大窗扇照進建筑中
The natural light enters the building through large windows.
場地的中心區(qū)域是一座有樹木的、大型矩形閱兵場，其兩側(cè)圍有高大的營房（1號與2號建筑物），每座營房都由主體結(jié)構(gòu)及兩翼組成。這兩棟原始建筑毫無疑問是分兩階段建造的，參照了傳統(tǒng)的建筑營造制式，使用的建材包括修飾過的石頭、碎石和磚，以及木質(zhì)框架結(jié)構(gòu)和石板屋頂。
20世紀下半葉，該場地經(jīng)歷了系列變化，面對著皇家港大道與圣希波呂特街上的建筑被拆除，并新建了兩座宏偉的建筑物，以保持南北軸線對應(yīng)的格局。在圣希波呂特街一側(cè)，一座雙層停車場設(shè)置在建筑物之下，與斜坡齊平，凸出向閱兵場。
In the centre, a large, rectangular parade ground planted with trees and surrounded on both sides by substantial barracks (buildings 1 and 2), each consisting of a central portion with wings at either end. These two original buildings were doubtless built in two phases using dressed stones, rubble and brick with a wooden frame and a slate roof according to a classical architectural model.
The site evolved in the second half of the twentieth century with the demolition of buildings facing Boulevard de Port Royal and Rue Saint Hippolyte and the construction of two imposing buildings maintaining the composition of the north / south axis. On the Saint Hippolyte side, a two-floor car park was created under the building up to the level of the slope and protruding into the parade ground.
建立在軍事基地上的大學(xué)教研空間
A university teaching and research programme on a military site
▼由軍事基地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榇髮W(xué)校園景觀
From a military site to a university landscape ? Camille Gharbi
▼古舊形式，嶄新功能
Original form，New functions
露爾辛兵營場地已發(fā)生相當(dāng)大的變化，集辦公與住宿于一體，但保持了閱兵場周圍的原有形式，也保留了南北主軸線。這兩棟軍事建筑物的空間大小和大部分內(nèi)部布局也都沿用了下來。
重建規(guī)劃包括在1號與2號建筑物內(nèi)部，以及3號建筑物地下室的部分空間內(nèi)設(shè)置巴黎第一大學(xué)法學(xué)院的教學(xué)與研究設(shè)施，以及圖書館與中心復(fù)印室。
3號建筑物（地下室和上層建筑的部分空間）與4號建筑物不包含在當(dāng)前項目范圍內(nèi)：3號建筑物為法國國防部的房屋住宅，4號建筑物則容納了在讓?扎伊中學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)預(yù)科課程的住宿學(xué)生。
該項目面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是保護這一見證了該地區(qū)城市發(fā)展史的珍貴遺址，同時帶來盡可能少的變動。項目的設(shè)計旨在轉(zhuǎn)變兵營建筑的組織方式，以完美適應(yīng)其新的預(yù)設(shè)功能。
The site of the Lourcine barracks has evolved considerably, becoming a set of office buildings and accommodation, but keeping its original form around the old parade ground and its major north / south axis. The two military buildings have been preserved both in terms of their volume and a large part of their internal layout.
The redevelopment plans include the installation of a part of the Law Faculty of the Université Paris 1 (teaching and research facilities, a library and central copying room) in buildings 1 and 2, and in part of the basements under building 3.
Buildings 3 (a part of the basement and the superstructure) and 4 are not included in the scope of the current project: building 3 houses accommodation managed by the French Ministry of Defence and building 4 houses boarders taking preparatory classes at the Lycée Jean Zay.
The challenge for the project is to preserve a precious heritage that bears witness to the urban history of this district while altering it as little as possible. The idea is to change the organisation of the barracks buildings to perfectly suit their new intended functions.
▼轉(zhuǎn)變場地的組織方式來適應(yīng)新的預(yù)設(shè)功能
Changing the organisation to perfectly suit new intended functions.
兩大策略連接庭院高差
Two major choices lead to a project making a connection via the garden level that reveals the topography of the site.
▼改造后的優(yōu)美庭院，流暢的地形設(shè)計
Beautiful courtyard after renovation，with smooth topography
通過對1號和2號建筑物的小規(guī)模干預(yù)來展示這一遺產(chǎn)
Showcase this precious heritage by minor interventions on buildings 1 and 2
建筑物的質(zhì)量和容納量已使它們成為教學(xué)與研究的絕佳場所。為了滿足隔聲隔熱性、可達性、安全性而進行結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整都是可實現(xiàn)的，如果項目設(shè)計根據(jù)現(xiàn)場空間因地制宜，例如保留現(xiàn)有樓梯，甚至可以進一步減少調(diào)整。
這些建筑的改造設(shè)計都目標明確，且只限于內(nèi)部：在現(xiàn)實條件許可的情況下，除了改變通向外部的門的尺寸以符合現(xiàn)代標準外，建筑外觀上幾乎完整保留下來。規(guī)劃所有工作時，也確保粗略的改善讓原有結(jié)構(gòu)和原始材料的質(zhì)感依然可見。
內(nèi)部墻面通過寬闊的過道得以展示，原始立柱構(gòu)造出的空闊感則更加彰顯了空間的高度。
the quality of the construction and their capacity already make them a wonderful place to house the research and teaching programme. Structural adaptations for insulation, access and safety are all possible and can even be further reduced if the project is carefully adapted to the existing spaces (conservation of the staircases, for example).
Work on these buildings is carefully targeted and limited to the interior; the envelope remains almost untouched apart from altering the size of the doors leading to the outside to comply with modern standards but within the existing clearance. The works have been planned to ensure that the rough finishing leaves the existing structure and the nobility of the original materials visible.
The internal fa?ades are revealed by generous walkways, while the height is emphasised by shafts that show off the existing volumes.
重建中心廣場的戰(zhàn)略功能：
Re-establishing the strategic function of the central square:
巴黎1號的未來建筑、軍事住宿區(qū)、預(yù)科學(xué)生宿舍等不同功能的共存，給廣場設(shè)計帶來了挑戰(zhàn)：這是一處交匯與分離相融合的流動空間，設(shè)計必須延續(xù)場地原有的整體基調(diào)，同時避免不同使用者間的不必要沖突。
因此，廣場不能說是被“建造”，而應(yīng)該是被“修復(fù)”：這也是為什么接待區(qū)的設(shè)置以微知著，代表著項目里精巧而細致的特點。
接待區(qū)的設(shè)置在賦予場地整體基調(diào)和凝聚力的同時，也起到引導(dǎo)作用，是一處有吸引力，且兼具功能性和娛樂性的空間。這種重組為該中心區(qū)域增添景觀和功能層面上的價值成為可能。
該區(qū)預(yù)設(shè)為內(nèi)部地形，通過地面微小的褶皺和平緩斜坡的形式，以最小的干擾將不同高度層次的地形連接為一體。
The co-existence of different uses, namely the proximity between the future premises of Paris 1, the military accommodation and the rooms for students taking preparatory classes make the square something of a challenge: a place where flows both converge and separate, it must make it possible to preserve the overall sense of the site while avoiding any undesirable confrontations between users.
The square must not therefore be "built", but rather restored: that is why the placement of the reception area represents a particularly sensitive feature of the project.
While giving the site its overall sense and cohesiveness, the location of the reception area calls out, offers guidance and plays the part of an attractive, functional and pleasant space. This reorganisation makes it possible to add value to the centre in terms of both landscaping and functionality.
Envisaged as an interior geography, it links together different topographic levels through folds in the ground or gentle dips with minimum interference.
▼內(nèi)部地形設(shè)計
An interior geography ? Camille Gharbi
此外，整個區(qū)域的對稱布局帶來了視覺上的連接感，場地的貫通展示出從圣希波呂特街到皇家港大道的景觀深度。
1號和2號建筑靠近3號建筑的地下室，使得在不干擾景觀的情況下連接3個單元成為可能。接待區(qū)也為教學(xué)區(qū)、圖書館與研究區(qū)的可達性提供了便利。我們希望將這個“分流平臺”打造成整個場地的活力中心。
改造區(qū)位于廣場地勢較低的地方，從而引導(dǎo)來訪者自然地下行，這塊下沉的場地也構(gòu)成了露爾辛廣場的中心區(qū)。正是這個中心位置，使得它成為1號建筑中圖書館的出入口，穿過下沉入口便可直達。同時，它也為建筑上層提供了通行線路。
在另一側(cè)，從同一個中心點出發(fā)，學(xué)生們沿著階梯教室能夠到達位于布卡羅街的大教室，以及2號建筑上層的所有教學(xué)設(shè)施。
Furthermore, the symmetrical layout of the whole enables a visual link to be envisaged that runs right through the plot revealing the depth of the whole area from Rue Saint Hippolyte to Boulevard de Port Royal.
The proximity of buildings 1 and 2 to the basement of building 3 makes it possible to create a link connecting the 3 units without affecting the landscape. With this reception hub it is possible to access both the teaching areas and the library and research areas. We wanted to make this "distribution platform" the living heart of the site.
The programme installed on the lower level of the esplanade, which leads you down naturally, constitutes the heart of the Lourcine site. It is this central point that provides access to the library, located in building 1, via a direct link that crosses the sunken entrance and also provides access to the upper floors.
On the other side, it is from the same central point and by following the amphitheatre, that the students can access the magnificent classrooms on Rue Broca, and all the teaching facilities located on the upper floors of building 2.
▼3號建筑的地下層
The basement floor of building 3
▼下沉廣場構(gòu)成了露爾辛廣場的中心區(qū)
The sucked esplanade constitutes the heart of the Lourcine site.
材料和室內(nèi)設(shè)計的選擇
Materials and interior design choices
空間的徹底清理極大地彰顯出原有場地的品質(zhì)。拱門底部植絨花紋（出于聲控與防火目的）的使用，以及吊頂?shù)牟鸪@露出設(shè)備裝置，均有助于保留現(xiàn)有的空間感。
一種“野獸派”風(fēng)格在暴露出的設(shè)備管網(wǎng)中展現(xiàn)了出來，這與定制家具的精致細節(jié)和高級原料（鋼、實橡木、地板）形成鮮明對比。
The qualities of the existing site are magnified by the complete freeing up of the spaces: the simple application of flocking on the underside of the arches (acoustics and fire prevention), as well as the complete absence of false ceilings, thus revealing the technical installations, helps to maintain the existing volumes.
A certain "brutalism", linked to the visibility of all the utility networks, contrasts with the fine details of the made- to-measure furniture and the nobility of the raw materials (steel, solid oak, floorboards).
▼鋼制燈具，粗曠的設(shè)計風(fēng)格
Steel lamps with rugged style ? Sergio Grazia
在圖書館閱覽室的室內(nèi)設(shè)計中，我們選擇沿墻設(shè)置通行道，從而使光線能自由地照進建筑，也讓整排窗扇外的景觀視野更開闊。
一座具有紀念意義的旋轉(zhuǎn)樓梯位于圖書館在花園層和一層的出入口位置。它的大小使之成為一個突出的建筑特色，同時也展示了建筑的空間和整體高度。
For the interior design of the reading rooms in the library, we have chosen to position the aisles along the fa?ades to allow the light to freely enter the building and thus free up the view of the succession of windows.
A monumental winding staircase marks the entrance to the library at both the garden level and the ground floor up to the first floor. Its size makes it a remarkable architectural feature and reveals the volume of the building and the height of a whole section.
▼旋轉(zhuǎn)樓梯
A winding staircase ? Takuji Shimmura
露爾辛場地東端的連接長廊通往布羅卡街。因此，接待區(qū)直接貫通了外部及花園層的街道。
The eastern end of the connecting gallery of the Lourcine site leads to a section that opens onto the Rue Broca. The reception level thus provides a direct link with the outside and the street at garden level.
▼連接長廊
The connecting gallery
在樓上，一條寬闊敞亮、充滿自然光的通道為創(chuàng)建跨層的會議場所提供了可能。每層樓都由開放式的主樓梯相連接，由此可直接進入教室，而不需要使用密閉的樓梯間。
In the upper floors, a wide and generous walkway filled with natural light provides the opportunity to create a meeting place over several floors: each floor is thus linked by the main, open staircase that provides direct access to the classrooms without taking the closed staircases.
▼寬闊明亮的通道，充滿自然光
A wide and generous walkway，filled with natural light.
位于花園層的畫廊與這些走道相連接，畫廊將其轉(zhuǎn)變成分享和交流的空間，并已經(jīng)設(shè)置了許多“凹形”工作臺，2號建筑因此成為一個“學(xué)習(xí)中心”，完美地滿足了新的學(xué)習(xí)與教學(xué)方式。
The garden level gallery, linked to these walkways, transforms them into places to share and exchange in which a number of alcoves have been built for working: building 2 thus becomes a sort of "learning centre" perfectly adapted to new ways of learning and teaching.
▼獨具特色的“凹形”學(xué)習(xí)與工作空間
Alcoves have been built to be working or studying space.
▼學(xué)習(xí)中心
The “l(fā)earning centre”? Sergio Grazia
坐擁500個座位的階梯教室是露爾辛校區(qū)的主要特色。它位于閱兵場的最低點，也就是舊停車場的位置，且沿著南北軸線方向。劇場由完全覆蓋了自耐候鋼的走廊接入，使得中央廣場的連續(xù)性得以延伸。
The 500-seat amphitheatre, a major feature of the Lourcine campus, is installed at the lowest point of the parade ground where the old car park was and along the north / south axis of the site. It is accessed through a gallery entirely covered with self-weathering steel that provides a continuity with the central esplanade.
▼擁有500個座位的大階梯教室
The 500-seat amphitheatre ? Takuji Shimmura
自耐候鋼是一種溫暖、具有活力且不斷變化的材料，它被使用在整個外部公共空間，并延伸至室內(nèi)。它像皮膚一般，展示出時間的痕跡，也體現(xiàn)了露爾辛校區(qū)的新面貌。
The self-weathering steel, a warm, vibrant and changing material, accompanies the visitor throughout all the outside public areas and extends right into the interior. It is a skin that shows the marks of time and embodies the new face of the Lourcine campus.
▼自耐候鋼材料的運用
The application of self-weathering steel
“這處場地有著巨大的潛能成為一座美麗的花園，一處讓學(xué)生們在歡樂的氛圍中互動的場所。該項目是個獨一無二的機會，讓我們能在巴黎市中心重建一座樹木茂盛的大型廣場。這座廣場不僅保留展示了原有的樹，還豐富了種植設(shè)計，打造出一個綠蔭環(huán)繞的、廣闊的景觀場所。
"There was great potential on this site for a garden, a place for the students to interact in convivial surroundings. It was also a unique opportunity to recreate a large tree-filled square in the heart of Paris to showcase the existing plane trees and add to them to offer a vast, well-planted and green esplanade.
▼綠蔭環(huán)繞的互動場所
The well-planted interactive venues
“項目旨在重新探索場地的景觀，完整它的敘事過程，展示最佳的自然光線，通過設(shè)計使其成為高附加值的空間?？臻g不僅提供了工作區(qū)和學(xué)生生活區(qū)之間的過渡，也給予了建造式空間與開放式空間的融合?！?DH Paysage說道。
與眼齊平的廣場景觀視野，使得垂直元素與現(xiàn)有樹木能清晰地區(qū)分開來。現(xiàn)有樹木和待植苗木的樹冠將在特定高度進行修剪，以保護并強調(diào)新建的統(tǒng)一地面覆蓋層所給予的景觀視野及其連續(xù)性。
樹木構(gòu)成了豎向上的結(jié)構(gòu)層次，多角度凸顯出廣場景觀的辨識度。廣場、建筑周邊環(huán)境與消防通道則被視為水平向的景觀元素，并通過創(chuàng)建平緩連續(xù)的斜坡，廣場整體而統(tǒng)一的定位被鞏固，而不是一個分裂元素而存在。
通過模糊地面層的邊界，整個水平層次上的景觀融入統(tǒng)一的地平線，這不僅不會干擾到種植樹頂部的景觀視野，也不會影響到廣場周邊的現(xiàn)有建筑物的視野。
露爾辛兵營轉(zhuǎn)變成法學(xué)院的所在地，這是運用當(dāng)代技術(shù)改造建筑遺產(chǎn)，并創(chuàng)新實踐的成果。
任何建造空間都具有社會功能。我們相信建筑使共享空間的出現(xiàn)成為可能。
The aim was thus to rediscover a landscape, to be able to tell its story, show it off in its best light and make it a high added value space that provides the transition between a place of work and a living area for students, between a built space and an open space." DH Paysage
The view of the square at eye level makes it possible to clearly distinguish between the vertical elements and the existing plane trees. The crowns of the existing and future trees will be pruned at a high level in order to preserve and emphasise the perspectives and the continuity provided by the creation of a new, uniform ground cover.
The trees form a vertical pattern that is in many ways the very identity of the square. By considering the esplanade and the surroundings of the buildings and the fire brigade access as a single horizontal element of the landscape, and by creating a gentle and continuous slope, we sought to reinforce the status of the square as a unifying and not divisive force.
By blurring the edges at ground level, the whole of this horizontal landscape bleeds into a homogeneous horizon that does not interfere with the view of the tops of the plane trees and the existing buildings located around the square.
The Lourcine barracks, converted into a law faculty, is the fruit of a contemporary approach to the transformation of built heritage and new practices.
Any built space fulfils a social function. We believe in the emergence of a shared space made possible by architecture.
▼全新的共享空間
The new shared space
▼項目總平面圖
The site plan ? ChartierDalix
▼下沉花園層與外部地形設(shè)計
The sucked garden level and the topography design ? ChartierDalix
▼地面層平面圖
The ground floor plan ? ChartierDalix
▼一層平面圖
The first floor plan ? ChartierDalix
▼縱立面圖
The Longitudinal section ? ChartierDalix
▼圖書館的旋轉(zhuǎn)樓梯
Monumental library staircase ? ChartierDalix
▼現(xiàn)有建筑的內(nèi)部設(shè)計
The Interior design of the existing buildings ? ChartierDalix
▼圖書館工作區(qū)的照明設(shè)計
Lighting for the workstations in the library ? ChartierDalix
▼畫廊的入口廣場:幕墻和自耐候鋼頂
Entrance esplanade to the gallery: curtain wall and self-weathering steel canopy ? ChartierDalix
▼階梯教室設(shè)計
The Amphitheatre ? ChartierDalix
項目信息
項目名稱：巴黎第一大學(xué)露爾辛中心皇家港校區(qū)
項目地址：巴黎拉格拉西爾街1號（郵編75013）
項目規(guī)劃：500個座位的階梯教室，27間教室，2000m2的圖書館，1500m2的辦公室和2處校方住宿區(qū)
建造面積：9710m2
建成時間：2019年6月
建設(shè)成本：2200萬歐元
資質(zhì)認證：HQE法國綠色建筑與社區(qū)質(zhì)量認證體系（巴黎地區(qū)標準）
委托方: Epaurif （代表巴黎第一大學(xué)）
建筑設(shè)計工作室：ChartierDalix
聯(lián)系郵箱：presse@chartier-dalix.com
工作室官網(wǎng)： www.chartier-dalix.com
設(shè)計團隊: Egis Batiment (Tce), Elioth (HQE), Acoustb (影音), DHpaysage (景觀), Grahal (遺產(chǎn))
BTP顧問（監(jiān)督辦公室）
CSD（消防安全協(xié)調(diào)）
BECS（健康與安全協(xié)調(diào)）
承包商：Bouygues Batiment Ile-de France
圖片來源：Sergio Grazia，Takuji Shimmura，Camille Gharbi
Project Name: Campus Port Royal, Centre Lourcine
Project Address：1, Rue de la Glacière, 75013 Paris
Programme: 500-seat amphitheatre, 27 classrooms, 2,000 m2 of library, 1,500 m2 of offices and 2 official lodgings
Surface Area: 9,710 m2
Delivery: June 2019
Cost: €22 million
Certification: HQE environmental approach (Paris region standard)
Project Owner: Epaurif, for the Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
Architecture and Design: ChartierDalix
Contact e-mail: presse@chartier-dalix.com
Website: www.chartier-dalix.com
Team: Egis Batiment (Tce), Elioth (HQE), Acoustb (acoustics), DHpaysage, (landscaping), Grahal (heritage)
BTP consultants (supervising office)
CSD faces (fire safety coordination)
BECS (health & safety coordination)
General Contractor: Bouygues Batiment Ile-de France
Photographs：Sergio Grazia ，Takuji Shimmura，Camille Gharbi
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